Abstract
This study aimed to determine the global prevalence and molecular characterization of CTX-M-producing Salmonella Typhimurium isolates. A total of 330 (15.2%, 330/21779) blaCTX-M-positive S. Typhimurium were obtained from the public databases in July 2021. Thirteen variants were found in the 330 members of the blaCTX-M group, and blaCTX-M-9 (26.4%, 88/330) was the most prevalent. The majority of blaCTX-M-positive S. Typhimurium were obtained from humans (59.7%, 197/330) and animals (31.5%, 104/330). The number of blaCTX-M-positive S. Typhimurium increased annually (p < 0.0001). These isolates were primarily found from China, the United Kingdom, Australia, the USA, and Germany. In addition, these isolates possessed 14 distinct sequence types (ST), and three predominated: ST34 (42.7%, 141/330), ST19 (37.0%, 122/330), and ST313 (10.3%, 34/330). The majority of ST34 S. Typhimurium isolates were distributed in China and mainly from swine. However, the majority of ST19 were distributed in the United Kingdom and Australia. Analysis of contigs showed that the major type of blaCTX-M-carrying plasmid was identified as IncI plasmid (52.9%, 27/51) and IncHI2 plasmid (17.6%, 9/51) in 51 blaCTX-M-positive S. Typhimurium isolates. In addition, WGS analysis further revealed that blaCTX-M co-existed with nine antibiotic-resistant genes with a detection rate over 50%, conferring resistance to five classes of antimicrobials. The 154 virulence genes were detected among these isolates, of which 107 virulence genes were highly common. This study revealed that China has been severely contaminated by blaCTX-M-positive S. Typhimurium isolates, these isolates possessed numerous ARGs and virulence genes, and highlighted that continued vigilance for blaCTX-M-positive S. Typhimurium in animals and humans is urgently needed.
Highlights
Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen that has a nearly ubiquitous distribution among humans, animals, and the open environment
The majority of ST19 were distributed in the United Kingdom (n = 63) and Australia (n = 34) (Figure 2A)
These isolates were primarily detected in China, the United Kingdom, Australia, the USA and Germany
Summary
Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen that has a nearly ubiquitous distribution among humans, animals, and the open environment. According to the WHO, there over 90 million people are infected by Salmonella annually, and 150,000 people die from Salmonella infection [1]. Over 2600 Salmonella serotypes have been identified and can be referred to as typhoidal or non-typhoidal (NTS); the latter are present in different animal reservoirs and are responsible for self-limiting gastrointestinal syndromes [2]. S. Typhimurium can cause potential threat to human health through the consumption of contaminated food or water [3]. Through estimates of the global invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease, a study recently found that S. Typhimurium is emerging in several African countries [4]. Typhimurium travels down the intestinal tract and reaches the large intestine, where most of its replication is thought to occur [5]
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