Abstract
Abstract. Carbon monoxide (CO) plays an important role in controlling the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere by reacting with OH radicals that affect atmospheric methane (CH4) dynamics. We develop a process-based biogeochemistry model to quantify the CO exchange between soils and the atmosphere with a 5 min internal time step at the global scale. The model is parameterized using the CO flux data from the field and laboratory experiments for 11 representative ecosystem types. The model is then extrapolated to global terrestrial ecosystems using monthly climate forcing data. Global soil gross consumption, gross production, and net flux of the atmospheric CO are estimated to be from −197 to −180, 34 to 36, and −163 to −145 Tg CO yr−1 (1 Tg = 1012 g), respectively, when the model is driven with satellite-based atmospheric CO concentration data during 2000–2013. Tropical evergreen forest, savanna and deciduous forest areas are the largest sinks at 123 Tg CO yr−1. The soil CO gross consumption is sensitive to air temperature and atmospheric CO concentration, while the gross production is sensitive to soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and air temperature. By assuming that the spatially distributed atmospheric CO concentrations (∼ 128 ppbv) are not changing over time, the global mean CO net deposition velocity is estimated to be 0.16–0.19 mm s−1 during the 20th century. Under the future climate scenarios, the CO deposition velocity will increase at a rate of 0.0002–0.0013 mm s−1 yr−1 during 2014–2100, reaching 0.20–0.30 mm s−1 by the end of the 21st century, primarily due to the increasing temperature. Areas near the Equator, the eastern US, Europe and eastern Asia will be the largest sinks due to optimum soil moisture and high temperature. The annual global soil net flux of atmospheric CO is primarily controlled by air temperature, soil temperature, SOC and atmospheric CO concentrations, while its monthly variation is mainly determined by air temperature, precipitation, soil temperature and soil moisture.
Highlights
Carbon monoxide (CO) plays an important role in controlling the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere by reacting with OH radicals (Logan et al, 1981; Crutzen, 1987; Khalil and Rasmussen, 1990; Prather et al, 1995; Prather and Ehhalt, 2001)
The soil CO gross consumption is sensitive to air temperature and atmospheric CO concentration, while the gross production is sensitive to soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and air temperature
The annual global soil net flux of atmospheric CO is primarily controlled by air temperature, soil temperature, SOC and atmospheric CO concentrations, while its monthly variation is mainly determined by air temperature, precipitation, soil temperature and soil moisture
Summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) plays an important role in controlling the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere by reacting with OH radicals (Logan et al, 1981; Crutzen, 1987; Khalil and Rasmussen, 1990; Prather et al, 1995; Prather and Ehhalt, 2001). Current estimates of global CO emissions from both anthropogenic and natural sources range from 1550 to 2900 Tg CO yr−1, which. L. Liu et al.: Global soil consumption of atmospheric carbon monoxide are mainly from anthropogenic and natural direct emissions and from the oxidation of methane and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (Prather et al, 1995; Khalil et al, 1999; Bergamaschi et al, 2000; Prather and Ehhalt, 2001; Stein et al, 2014). Chemical consumption of CO by atmospheric OH and the biological consumption of CO by soil microbes are two major sinks of the atmospheric CO (Conrad, 1988; Lu and Khalil, 1993; Yonemura et al, 2000; Whalen and Reeburgh, 2001)
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