Abstract
The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP 2017) report identifies the Arctic as the largest regional source of land ice to global sea-level rise in the 2003–2014 period. Yet, this contextualization ignores the longer perspective from in situ records of glacier mass balance. Here, using 17 (>55 °N latitude) glacier and ice cap mass balance series in the 1971–2017 period, we develop a semi-empirical estimate of annual sea-level contribution from seven Arctic regions by scaling the in situ records to GRACE averages. We contend that our estimate represents the most accurate Arctic land ice mass balance assessment so far available before the 1992 start of satellite altimetry. We estimate the 1971–2017 eustatic sea-level contribution from land ice north of ∼55 °N to be 23.0 ± 12.3 mm sea-level equivalent (SLE). In all regions, the cumulative sea-level rise curves exhibit an acceleration, starting especially after 1988. Greenland is the source of 46% of the Arctic sea-level rise contribution (10.6 ± 7.3 mm), followed by Alaska (5.7 ± 2.2 mm), Arctic Canada (3.2 ± 0.7 mm) and the Russian High Arctic (1.5 ± 0.4 mm). Our annual results exhibit co-variability over a 43 year overlap (1971–2013) with the alternative dataset of Marzeion et al (2015 Cryosphere 9 2399–404) (M15). However, we find a 1.36× lower sea-level contribution, in agreement with satellite gravimetry. The IPCC Fifth Assessment report identified constraining the pre-satellite era sea-level budget as a topic of low scientific understanding that we address and specify sea-level contributions coinciding with IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) ‘present day’ (2005–2015) and ‘recent past’ (1986–2005) reference periods. We assess an Arctic land ice loss of 8.3 mm SLE during the recent past and 12.4 mm SLE during the present day. The seven regional sea-level rise contribution time series of this study are available from AMAP.no.
Highlights
As climate change intensifies, the commitment of global land ice loss is increasing and is almost entirely attributable to human activity (Marzeion et al 2014, 2018)
Using 17 (>55 °N latitude) glacier and ice cap mass balance series in the 1971–2017 period, we develop a semi-empirical estimate of annual sea-level contribution from seven Arctic regions by scaling the in situ records to Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) averages
Lacking in situ mass balance record from Arctic Canada South, table 1 Arctic Canada North and South mass balance values are summed into a single regional value and the combined region is represented by four Arctic in situ mass balance records
Summary
The commitment of global land ice loss is increasing and is almost entirely attributable to human activity (Marzeion et al 2014, 2018). During 2004–2010, Arctic land ice (including sub-Arctic Iceland and sub-Arctic areas of Scandinavia and Alaska) was responsible for 35% of all global sea-level rise (Box and Sharp 2017). Bamber et al (2018) expand a land ice sea level contribution assessment back to 1992 using satellite altimetry and regional-climate modeling. We extend the Arctic global sea-level contribution 21 more years into the past by scaling the mass balance of 17 annually-resolved individual glacier mass balance records to seven regional mass balance estimates from satellite gravimetry. We construct a sevenregion 47 year (1971–2017) annual mass balance time series from glacier and ice cap mass balance records north of 55 °N that is constrained by satellite gravimetry. Our semi-empirical estimates of regional sealevel rise contribution are compared with independent estimates from Marzeion et al (2015) and with the satellite altimetry and gravimetry assessment of Gardner et al (2013)
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