Abstract
At present, there are ~100 countries with national food-based dietary guidelines. While the intent of these guidelines is to inform national-level dietary recommendations, they also tie into global health and sustainable development initiatives, since diet and nutrition are linked to outcomes for all 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, key messaging in food-based dietary guidelines plays an important role in both national and global health efforts. However, this type of national-level dietary guidance is not standardized and varies considerably from country to country, and from food group to food group. The main objective of this review is to provide a novel look at dairy food group messaging within global food-based dietary guidelines, focusing specifically on nutrient-based and health-based messaging. Dairy-based messaging from 94 national food-based dietary guidelines was reviewed and grouped by region, with an emphasis on messaging regarding dairy's contribution to nutrients of public health concern for both underconsumption and overconsumption. The results showed that most nutrient-based dairy messaging relating to underconsumption was focused on calcium, followed by vitamin D, iodine, potassium, and protein; whereas messaging related to overconsumption was focused on saturated fat, added sugars, and salt. Health-based messaging specific to dairy food intake typically coalesced around three types of health outcomes: (1) bone, teeth, and muscle, (2) cardiometabolic, and (3) gut and immune. Although a fundamental concept of food-based dietary guidelines is to provide dietary guidance in a manner that is both “food-based,” and in the context of “dietary” patterns, most food-based dietary guidelines still express the health value of dairy foods (and potentially other foods groups) solely in terms of their nutrient content – and often times only in the context of a single nutrient (e.g., calcium).
Highlights
Governments around the world have provided science-based dietary advice for more than a century, continually updating their recommendations to prevent nutrient deficiencies, reduce chronic disease risk, and improve human health [1]
The aim of this review is to summarize how the dairy food group is recommended within global Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), focusing on how its nutritional and health contributions are characterized
FBDGs are continually updated in response to an everchanging food-diet-nutrition-health landscape
Summary
Governments around the world have provided science-based dietary advice for more than a century, continually updating their recommendations to prevent nutrient deficiencies, reduce chronic disease risk, and improve human health [1]. Despite these efforts, global trends in the triple burden of malnutrition (the simultaneous occurrence of undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight or obesity) and non-communicable disease. Global Dairy Recommendations in FBDGs (NCD) continue to rise These largely preventable diet-related health outcomes are major factors inhibiting many countries’ ability to achieve their health and sustainability targets, including the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [2, 3]. This report acknowledged that a wide range of dietary patterns can be consistent with good health, and that there is need for diversity in FBDGs since dietary patterns differ from country to country, as well as among distinct geographic or socioeconomic populations within the same country
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