Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems, both natural ecosystems and agroecosystems, generate greenhouse gases (GHGs). The chamber method is the most common method to quantify GHG fluxes from soil-plant systems and to better understand factors affecting their generation and mitigation. The objective of this study was to review and synthesize literature on chamber designs (non-flow-through, non-steady-state chamber) and associated factors that affect GHG nitrous oxide (N2 O) flux measurement when using chamber methods. Chamber design requires consideration of many facets that include materials, insulation, sealing, venting, depth of placement, and the need to maintain plant growth and activity. Final designs should be tailored, and bench tested, in order to meet the nuances of the experimental objectives and the ecosystem under study while reducing potential artifacts. Good insulation, to prevent temperature fluctuations and pressure changes, and a high-quality seal between base and chamber are essential. Elimination of pressure differentials between headspace and atmosphere through venting should be performed, and designs now exist to eliminate Venturi effects of earlier tube-type vent designs. The use of fans within the chamber headspace increases measurement precision but may alter the flux. To establish best practice recommendations when using fans, further data are required, particularly in systems containing tall plants, to systematically evaluate the effects that fan speed, position, and mixing rate have on soil gas flux.
Highlights
Chamber designs may use flow-through, non-steady-state, or steady-state chambers (Denmead, 1979), or non-flowthrough, non-steady-state chambers (Rochette & EriksenHamel, 2008)
The literature on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is dominated by the use of non-flowthrough, non-steady-state chamber methodologies (Bouwman, Boumans, & Batjes, 2002), often referred to as “static chambers.”
Nuances in chamber design can affect the accuracy of N2O flux determination (Parkin, Venterea, & Hargreaves, 2012; Pavelka et al, 2018), and the subsequent upscaling of results
Summary
Chamber designs may use flow-through, non-steady-state, or steady-state chambers (Denmead, 1979), or non-flowthrough, non-steady-state chambers (Rochette & EriksenHamel, 2008). Nuances in chamber design can affect the accuracy of N2O flux determination (Parkin, Venterea, & Hargreaves, 2012; Pavelka et al, 2018), and the subsequent upscaling of results. This is because chambers can change the vertical diffusion of N2O in the soil, the soil energy balance, and degree of turbulence above the soil (Rochette, 2011). This article provides recommendations on the minimum requirements, and discusses the key principles, for chamber designs to minimize the impact of the measurement technique on the natural soil and atmospheric processes. It provides guidance and recommendations on materials, dimensions, venting, seals, insulation, sampling port, plant effects, and headspace mixing
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