Abstract
Organogenesis in plants occurs across all stages of the life cycle. Although previous studies have identified many genes as important for either vegetative or reproductive development at the RNA level, global information on translational and post-translational levels remains limited. In this study, six Arabidopsis stages/organs were analyzed using quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics, identifying 2187 non-redundant proteins and evidence for 1194 phosphoproteins. Compared to the expression observed in cauline leaves, the expression of 1445, 1644, and 1377 proteins showed greater than 1.5-fold alterations in stage 1–9 flowers, stage 10–12 flowers, and open flowers, respectively. Among these, 294 phosphoproteins with 472 phosphorylation sites were newly uncovered, including 275 phosphoproteins showing differential expression patterns, providing molecular markers and possible candidates for functional studies. Proteins encoded by genes preferentially expressed in anther (15), meiocyte (4), or pollen (15) were enriched in reproductive organs, and mutants of two anther-preferentially expressed proteins, acos5 and mee48, showed obviously reduced male fertility with abnormally organized pollen exine. In addition, more phosphorylated proteins were identified in reproductive stages (1149) than in the vegetative organs (995). The floral organ-preferential phosphorylation of GRP17, CDC2/CDKA.1, and ATSK11 was confirmed with western blot analysis. Moreover, phosphorylation levels of CDPK6 and MAPK6 and their interacting proteins were elevated in reproductive tissues. Overall, our study yielded extensive data on protein expression and phosphorylation at six stages/organs and provides an important resource for future studies investigating the regulatory mechanisms governing plant development.
Highlights
Unlike animals, which complete most of their organ differentiation during embryonic development, plants undergo a continuous developmental process, with organogenesis occurring throughout the life cycle
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Our data reveal that the photosynthetic process was enriched in rapidly growing organs, AGP in vegetative processes, and flowers in reproductive processes
Summary
Unlike animals, which complete most of their organ differentiation during embryonic development, plants undergo a continuous developmental process, with organogenesis occurring throughout the life cycle. With the two apical meristems that form during embryogenesis, plants develop the root system and the shoot [1]. Leaves perceive photoperiodic signals and generate and transmit the florigen signal that regulates the transition to flowering at the shoot apex [11]. During flower stages 1–9, the floral meristem initiates and expands, with subsequent formation of floral organ primordia followed by morphogenesis of the four types of floral organs; in addition, the microspore mother cells complete meiosis, resulting in tetrads of microspores that fill each anther lobe. At flower stage 13, the sepals open, and anther dehiscence occurs to release the pollen grains, and the stigma is receptive [12,13]
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