Global properties of ‘ordinary’ early-type galaxies: photometry and spectroscopy of stars and globular clusters in NGC 4494

Abstract

We present a comprehensive analysis of the spatial, kinematic, and chemical properties of stars and globular clusters (GCs) in the `ordinary' elliptical galaxy NGC 4494 using data from the Keck and Subaru telescopes. We derive galaxy surface brightness and colour profiles out to large galactocentric radii. We compare the latter to metallicities derived using the near-infrared Calcium Triplet. We obtain stellar kinematics out to ~3.5 effective radii. The latter appear flattened or elongated beyond ~1.8 effective radii in contrast to the relatively round photometric isophotes. In fact, NGC 4494 may be a flattened galaxy, possibly even an S0, seen at an inclination of ~45 degrees. We publish a catalogue of 431 GC candidates brighter than i=24 based on the photometry, of which 109 are confirmed spectroscopically and 54 have measured spectroscopic metallicities. We also report the discovery of 3 spectroscopically confirmed ultra-compact dwarfs around NGC 4494 with measured metallicities of -0.4<[Fe/H]<-0.3. Based on their properties, we conclude that they are simply bright GCs. The metal-poor globular clusters are found to be rotating with similar amplitude as the galaxy stars, while the metal-rich globular clusters show marginal rotation. We supplement our analysis with available literature data and results. Using model predictions of galaxy formation, and a suite of merger simulations, we find that many of the observational properties of NGC 4494 may be explained by formation in a relatively recent gas-rich major merger. Complete studies of individual galaxies incorporating a range of observational avenues and methods such as the one presented here will be an invaluable tool for constraining the fine details of galaxy formation models, especially at large galactocentric radii.