Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a species native to Western Asia that is able to pierce intact fruit during egg laying, causing it to be considered a fruit crop pest in many countries. Drosophila suzukii have a rapid expansion worldwide; occurrences were recorded in North America and Europe in 2008, and South America in 2013. Due to this rapid expansion, we modeled the potential distribution of this species using the Maximum Entropy Modeling (MaxEnt) algorithm and the Genetic Algorithm for Ruleset Production (GARP) using 407 sites with known occurrences worldwide and 11 predictor variables. After 1000 replicates, the value of the average area under the curve (AUC) of the model predictions with 1000 replicates was 0.97 for MaxEnt and 0.87 for GARP, indicating that both models had optimal performances. The environmental variables that most influenced the prediction of the MaxEnt model were the annual mean temperature, the maximum temperature of the warmest month, the mean temperature of the coldest quarter and the annual precipitation. The models indicated high environmental suitability, mainly in temperate and subtropical areas in the continents of Asia, Europe and North and South America, where the species has already been recorded. The potential for further invasions of the African and Australian continents is predicted due to the environmental suitability of these areas for this species.
Highlights
Drosophilidae (Diptera) consists of approximately 4,200 species, but few are considered pests because they preferentially breed in decaying plant material
The projections of the potential distribution of D. suzukii in both models under their respective thresholds were quite similar (Fig 1B and 1C), indicating high reliability in the generated predictions
As noted by the models, potential distribution areas for D. suzukii extend from central to southern Brazil, confirming the results found by Paula et al [10] in the Cerrado region of Brazil, and by BitnerMatheet al. [9] and Geisler et al [27] in southern Brazil, where the average temperature varies between 14.8 ̊C and 23.0 ̊C
Summary
Drosophilidae (Diptera) consists of approximately 4,200 species, but few are considered pests because they preferentially breed in decaying plant material. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), the spotted wing drosophila (SWD), is a species characterized as a fruit pest due to its unique ability to pierce soft-skinned fruits during egg laying, a polyphagous habit and a preference for fresh fruits [1]. The first recorded occurrence outside Asia was in 1980, in Oahu, Hawaii (USA). Drosophila suzukii was subsequently found on other Hawaiian Islands [2]. The geographical distribution of D. suzukii has expanded rapidly.
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