Abstract
This paper provides an overview about the challenges of multipolarity and globalization, focusing on various institutions of global governance, and how BRICS are making efforts to overcome them, considering the interests of the grouping in each as well as what positive changes could and are being brought about with respect to each.
Highlights
This paper provides an overview about the challenges of multipolarity, focusing on various institutions of global governance as they pertain to the BRICS project, and how BRICS are making efforts to overcome them, considering the interests of the grouping in each as well as what positive changes could and are being brought about with respect to each
Nye (2010) identifies four distinct types of threat: i) cyber war, which is the unauthorised invasion by a government into the systems and networks of another country with the aim of disrupting their systems; ii) cyber espionage, which is the invasion of systems to steal sensitive information, this could be by governments, non-state actors or the corporate sector; iii) cybercrime, which affects ordinary internet users and includes theft of data, illegal transfer of funds from bank accounts of others, and so on; and iv) cyber terrorism, which is mostly conducted by non-state actors, if sometimes with covert state backing, and involves spreading terrorist ideology, recruiting terrorists and hacking into government systems to paralyse them
The new global reorder will have to reflect the shifting economic centre of gravity of the world, as well as the multiple centres of power that have been created as a consequence of economic growth
Summary
Over the past two decades, the world has seen the shift in economic power in favour of emerging economies and some developing countries. Multiple challenges facing the human race are caused by factors beyond the control of any single sovereign state, and require global solutions. These issues – terrorism, climate change, energy and food security, trade liberalisation, connectivity infrastructure, cyber security, migration – all cut across national boundaries. This paper provides an overview about the challenges of multipolarity, focusing on various institutions of global governance as they pertain to the BRICS project, and how BRICS are making efforts to overcome them, considering the interests of the grouping in each as well as what positive changes could and are being brought about with respect to each These institutions are, in both the political and the economic spheres
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