Abstract
Purpose: Metabolic reprogramming is frequently identified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the most common type of liver malignancy. The reprogrammed cellular metabolisms promote tumor cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. However, the mechanisms of this process remain unclear in HCC.Experimental Design: The global nontargeted metabolic study in 69 paired hepatic carcinomas and adjacent tissue specimens was performed using capillary electrophoresis-time of flight mass spectrometry-based approach. Key findings were validated by targeted metabolomic approach. Biological studies were also performed to investigate the role of proline biosynthesis in HCC pathogenesis.Results: Proline metabolism was markedly changed in HCC tumor tissue, characterized with accelerated consumption of proline and accumulation of hydroxyproline, which significantly correlated with α-fetoprotein levels and poor prognosis in HCC. In addition, we found that hydroxyproline promoted hypoxia- and HIF-dependent phenotype in HCC. Moreover, we demonstrated that hypoxia activated proline biosynthesis via upregulation of ALDH18A1, subsequently leading to accumulation of hydroxyproline via attenuated PRODH2 activity. More importantly, we showed that glutamine, proline, and hydroxyproline metabolic axis supported HCC cell survival through modulating HIF1α stability in response to hypoxia. Finally, inhibition of proline biosynthesis significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of sorafenib in vitro and in vivoConclusions: Our results demonstrate that hypoxic microenvironment activates proline metabolism, resulting in accumulation of hydroxyproline that promotes HCC tumor progression and sorafenib resistance through modulating HIF1α. These findings provide the proof of concept for targeting proline metabolism as a potential therapeutic strategy for HCC. Clin Cancer Res; 24(2); 474-85. ©2017 AACR.
Highlights
Reprogrammed metabolism is a hallmark of cancer cells and a perpetual topic of interest for researchers [1, 2]
We demonstrated that hypoxia activated proline biosynthesis via upregulation of ALDH18A1, subsequently leading to accumulation of hydroxyproline via attenuated proline dehydrogenase 2 (PRODH2) activity
We showed that glutamine, proline, and hydroxyproline metabolic axis supported hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell survival through modulating HIF1a stability in response to hypoxia
Summary
Reprogrammed metabolism is a hallmark of cancer cells and a perpetual topic of interest for researchers [1, 2]. Cancer cells reprogram their cellular metabolisms to consume more energy and materials for proliferation, invasion, and metastasis [3, 4]. Despite these common features among different tumor types, many intrinsic genetic lesions and extrinsic nongenetic influences may contribute to abnormal metabolism in a tumor-dependent manner [1]. 474 Clin Cancer Res; 24(2) January 15, 2018
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