Abstract
The use of plants as biofactories for the production of medical products and vaccines has a long history, but the recent COVID-19 pandemic has caused this set of technologies, for their potential to contribute to the development of innovative solutions for tackling pandemic spread worldwide, to rise in prominence. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the global innovation scenario of plant-based vaccine production. Methods: Patent search using a specific set of technical classification codes and keywords was performed using the Questel-Orbit database, with a final output of 180 patent families, corresponding to 1397 single patents. Results: Plant-based vaccines production is an innovation sector with positive development especially in the last five-year period (30% growth). Fifty percent of the patents were registered in the United States, standing out as the most attractive patent system worldwide. The inventive activity was led by private firms owning the 49% of the patent families, and the key-players group includes the companies that successfully developed plant-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates, indicating a strong connection between the expertise in innovation production and the capacity to adapt inventions to the current pandemic vaccine demand. Virus-like particles technology has increased in importance over the past few years. Conclusion: Patent data confirm their relevant role as indicators of innovation and technological evolution. Plant-based vaccines are expected to acquire an increasing role over the next few years as the current pandemic acts as an innovation catalyst.
Highlights
The recent COVID-19 pandemic vigorously raised the issue of vaccine production and availability with extreme urgency because, despite the development of several effective vaccines, new products are required to supply the increasing demand
Plant-based vaccines have acquired increased attention as seven vaccine candidates have been already developed and are currently under evaluation: the most advanced in the trial phase is the one developed by the Canadian biopharmaceutical company Medicago (owned by a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (67%) and Phillip Morris International) in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline, which is produced in a wild tobacco relative (Nicotiana benthamiana) used as a biofactory to obtain virus-like particles against COVID-19
The aim of the present paper is to explore the innovation scenario of plant-based vaccine production by using the patent literature to identify the main innovation paths, the major and minor players who contribute to the production of plantbased vaccines, and to provide a worldwide perspective of the innovation trends for plant-based vaccines production
Summary
The recent COVID-19 pandemic vigorously raised the issue of vaccine production and availability with extreme urgency because, despite the development of several effective vaccines, new products are required to supply the increasing demand. In addition to the vaccines produced with traditional pharmaceutical technologies already on the market, researchers worldwide are working on new vaccine candidates with different technologies and are at different stages of development [1]. Plant-based vaccines have acquired increased attention as seven vaccine candidates have been already developed and are currently under evaluation: the most advanced in the trial phase is the one developed by the Canadian biopharmaceutical company Medicago (owned by a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (67%) and Phillip Morris International) in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline, which is produced in a wild tobacco relative (Nicotiana benthamiana) used as a biofactory to obtain virus-like particles against COVID-19. A plant-based vaccine candidate developed by Kentucky BioProcessing
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