Abstract
Lysine malonylation is a kind of post-translational modifications (PTMs) discovered in recent years, which plays an important regulatory role in plants. Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major global cereal crop. Immunoblotting revealed that maize was rich in malonylated proteins. We therefore performed a qualitative malonylome analysis to globally identify malonylated proteins in maize. In total, 1,722 uniquely malonylated lysine residues were obtained in 810 proteins. The modified proteins were involved in various biological processes such as photosynthesis, ribosome and oxidative phosphorylation. Notably, a large proportion of the modified proteins (45%) were located in chloroplast. Further functional analysis revealed that 30 proteins in photosynthesis and 15 key enzymes in the Calvin cycle were malonylated, suggesting an indispensable regulatory role of malonylation in photosynthesis and carbon fixation. This work represents the first comprehensive survey of malonylome in maize and provides an important resource for exploring the function of lysine malonylation in physiological regulation of maize.
Highlights
Post-translational protein modification (PTM) plays an important role in the regulation of various cellular processes, which often occurs during or after protein biosynthesis
We investigated the molecular weights of all the malonylated proteins obtained from the proteomic data (Supplementary Table 1), and the results showed that the largest protein was acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (249.82 kDa, protein accession: A0A1D6GRR8) and the smallest protein was ATP/GTP binding protein (4.23 kDa, protein accession: A0A1D6QMY6)
According to the number of ortholog species, we further classified the conservation of malonyl proteins, and it was found that the number of completely conserved proteins, well conserved proteins, conserved proteins, poorly conserved proteins and novel proteins were 14, 45, 199, 304, and 248 (Figure 8B), respectively. These findings indicate that lysine malonylation is found to be widespread in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, each organism contains its own unique malonylome as a set of malonylated proteins with specific functions
Summary
Post-translational protein modification (PTM) plays an important role in the regulation of various cellular processes, which often occurs during or after protein biosynthesis. In Arabidopsis, an ubiquitylome analysis revealed that the ubiquitin-proteasome system plays a central role in the regulation of plant innate immunity (Ma et al, 2021). MPK4, a stress-responsive protein kinase of Arabidopsis, Abbreviations: AGC, automatic gain control; ALDO, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase; ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence; Fd, ferredoxin; FDR, false discovery rate; FNR, ferredoxin NADP+ reductase; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GO, Gene Ontology; KAT, lysine acetyltransferase; KDACs, lysine deacetylases; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; LHCs, light-harvesting complexes; MAE, malic enzyme; NCE, normalized collision energy; PGK, phosphoglycerate kinase; PPI, protein-protein interaction; PS I, photosystem I; PS II, photosystem II; PTM, post-translational protein modification; PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride; Rubisco, ribulose bisphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase; TPI, triosephosphate isomerase; UPLC, ultra-performance liquid chromatography
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