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Abstract
C2 domain-containing proteins (C2DPs) have been identified in different genomes that contain single or multiple C2 domains in their C- or N-terminal. It possesses higher functional activity in the transmembrane regions. The identification of C2 domains were reported in a previous study, such as multiple C2 domains and transmembrane-region proteins (MCTPs) and N-terminal-TM-C2 domain proteins (NTMC2s) of rice, Arabidopsis thaliana, and cotton, whereas the C2DP gene family in rice has not been comprehensively studied, and the role of the C2DP gene in rice in response to abiotic stress is not yet fully understood. In this study, we identified 82 C2DPs in the rice genome and divided them into seven groups through phylogenetic analysis. The synteny analysis revealed that duplication events were either exhibited within the genome of rice or between the genomes of rice and other species. Through the analysis of cis-acting elements in promoters, expression profiles, and qRT-PCR results, the functions of OsC2DPs were found to be widely distributed in diverse tissues and were extensively involved in phytohormones-related and abiotic stresses response in rice. The prediction of the microRNA (miRNA) targets of OsC2DPs revealed the possibility of regulation by consistent miRNAs. Notably, OsC2DP50/51/52 as a co-tandem duplication exhibited similar expression variations and involved the coincident miRNA-regulation pathway. Moreover, the results of the genotypic variation and haplotype analysis revealed that OsC2DP17, OsC2DP29, and OsC2DP49 were associated with cold stress responses. These findings provided comprehensive insights for characterizations of OsC2DPs in rice as well as for their roles for abiotic stress.
Highlights
Calcium (Ca) is a necessary nutrient ingredient for plant development as it serves as a signaling factor for transduction functions in multiple physiological processes [1]
To identify the OsC2DP gene family members in rice, a hidden Markov model (HMM) search was performed in a rice proteome database using the HMM model (PF00168)
The phenotype–haplotype-associated results showed that Hap1 and Hap2 had significantly lower CT scores in populations (Supplementary Figure S15E). These results suggested that diverse haplotypes of OsC2DP17, OsC2DP29, and OsC2DP49 could be related to cold tolerance in rice, which would require further functional demonstrations and may provide a potential theoretical foundation for the relationship between genotype variations and stress tolerance for rice populations
Summary
Calcium (Ca) is a necessary nutrient ingredient for plant development as it serves as a signaling factor for transduction functions in multiple physiological processes [1]. C2DPs, a type of Ca-dependent protein kinase, are highly conserved in long term evolutionary process. With the development of the protein structure, a set of multiple C2 domains and transmembrane region proteins were identified as branches of C2DPs [13], which contained between three and four C2 domains at the N-terminus and between one and four transmembrane regions at the C terminus. Multiple C2 domains have been found to have different but conserved sequences, suggesting the formation of more biological functions due to the cooperation or crosstalk between multiple C2 domains [14]
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