Abstract
Face expressions are a rich source of social signals. Here we estimated the proportion of phenotypic variance in the brain response to facial expressions explained by common genetic variance captured by ∼500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Using genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML), we related this global genetic variance to that in the brain response to facial expressions, as assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a community-based sample of adolescents (n = 1,620). Brain response to facial expressions was measured in 25 regions constituting a face network, as defined previously. In 9 out of these 25 regions, common genetic variance explained a significant proportion of phenotypic variance (40–50%) in their response to ambiguous facial expressions; this was not the case for angry facial expressions. Across the network, the strength of the genotype-phenotype relationship varied as a function of the inter-individual variability in the number of functional connections possessed by a given region (R2 = 0.38, p<0.001). Furthermore, this variability showed an inverted U relationship with both the number of observed connections (R2 = 0.48, p<0.001) and the magnitude of brain response (R2 = 0.32, p<0.001). Thus, a significant proportion of the brain response to facial expressions is predicted by common genetic variance in a subset of regions constituting the face network. These regions show the highest inter-individual variability in the number of connections with other network nodes, suggesting that the genetic model captures variations across the adolescent brains in co-opting these regions into the face network.
Highlights
Interactions with peers are of high relevance to our mental health
In a subset of brain regions, we explained 40–50% of phenotypic variance by genetic variance. These brain regions appear to differ from the rest of the face network in the degree of inter-individual variations in their functional connectivity
We propose that these regions, including the prefrontal and premotor cortex, represent ‘‘Optional’’ part of the network co-opted by its ‘‘Obligatory’’ members, including the posterior part of the superior temporal sulcus, fusiform face area and the lateral occipital cortex, concerned with processing complex visual stimuli
Summary
Interactions with peers are of high relevance to our mental health. Patients with various psychological disorders show impairments in face perception and emotion recognition [1,2,3,4]. Differential neural responses to faces have been reported in various psychological disorders including depression [5], psychopathy and/or aggressive tendencies [6], autism [7], and schizophrenia [8]. Our ability to process faces is modulated by both environment and genes. Zhu and colleagues observed that inter-individual variations in face perception are heritable, with
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