Global fluctuations in the distribution of atmospheric mass

Abstract

Two global data sets have been analyzed to determine the interannual variability of the zonal mean mass distribution. The first is a National Meteorological Center (NMC) global data set of sea level pressures beginning in December 1977 and surface pressures beginning in April 1979. The second is an 11‐year (1972–1982) hybrid set of sea level pressures from the Australian southern hemisphere and U.S. Navy northern hemisphere analyses. The two sets are compared and evaluated by seeing how well they satisfy the constraint of conservation of mass. Anomalies in total mass due to changes in water vapor content of the atmosphere are lost in the data problems. Several inhomogeneities or discontinuities are found and are identified either with changes in analysis procedures in both data sets or the introduction of new orography and operational models at NMC. Consequently only limited periods of data are suitable for determining the dominant modes of variability. Nevertheless, hemispheric mean anomalies in mass in one hemisphere tend to be mirrored in the other, and it is clear that previously deduced fluctuations in hemispheric mean mass are mostly real. Predominant modes of variability of zonal means reveal systematic exchanges of mass (1) almost entirely confined within each hemisphere in isolation, (2) between the extratropics of each hemisphere with little impact on the tropics as an antisymmetric mode, and (3) between the tropics and extratropics in a symmetric mode. The second mode played a strong role in redistributing mass during April–July of 1979 during the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) and resulted in an exceptionally deep circumpolar trough over the southern hemisphere and record high pressures over the northern hemisphere. The possible origin of these modes is briefly considered.