Abstract
We explore the effect of funding constraints on the trading costs of VIX futures. With an increase in funding constraints during a crisis (non-crisis) period, we observe a corresponding increase (decrease) in the proportional effective spread, quoted spread, order cost, asymmetric information, and trade sizes. The leveraged traders play a possible channel in the relationship between funding constraints and trading costs. When leveraged traders face scarce capital during a crisis (non-crisis) period, they increase (decrease) their net long positions to increase (decrease) the hedging pressure that leads to an increase (decrease) in trading costs that decreases (increases) the liquidity.
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