Global exponential stability analysis for tick population model with delayed sub-linear Gamma-Ricker nonlinearities

Abstract

We argue that self-regulation in tick population dynamics in the natural world is not associated with the egg-production saturation, that was normally assumed in existing literature and modeled using the Ricker reproduction function. We argue that the nonlinearity and self-regulatory inhibition appear in the synergistic effect of tick cooperation and the crowding within groups, and an appropriate nonlinearity can be the sub-linear Gamma-Ricker function. We also noticed that the diapaused development leads to multiple time lags in a structured tick population dynamics model, leading to a scalar delay differential equation with two time lags appearing in the sub-linear Gamma-Ricker nonlinearity. This model has always one and only one positive equilibrium. Here we develop sharp conditions for this model to exhibit persistence and global convergence behaviors.