Abstract
Background: We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis on the concentration of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in carrots and potatoes irrigated by wastewater and estimate non-carcinogenic health risks among adult and children consumers. Methods: The health risk of PHEs concentration, including Pb, Cd, total Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Fe, in the edible parts of carrot and potato irrigated by wastewater was investigated by a meta-analysis using a random-effects model (REM). Accordingly, the related articles were screened from international databases such as Scopus, Medline, and Embase. Results: The meta-analysis of 32 papers (38 studies) revealed that the rank order of the most accumulated PHEs in potato was Fe (86.54 mg/kg wet weight) > Zn (30.9 mg/kg wet weight) > Cu (13.7 mg/kg wet weight) > Ni (8.42 mg/kg wet weight) > Pb (5.56 mg/kg wet weight) > Cr (3.45 mg/kg wet weight) > Cd (0.58 mg/kg wet weight). This ranking for carrot was Fe (43.36 mg/kg wet weight) > Zn (36.29 mg/kg wet weight) > Ni (13.49 mg/kg wet weight) > Cu (9.79 mg/kg wet weight) > Pb (1.84 mg/kg wet weight) > Cr (1.05 mg/kg wet weight) > Cd (0.28 mg/kg wet weight). Total hazard quotient (THQ) of PHEs was higher than 1 for potato and carrot; its rank order for potato and carrot was Cu > Pb > Cd > Ni > Fe > Zn > Cr and Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni > Fe > Zn > Cr, respectively. The Cd, Pb, and Cu had also a considerable role for consumer health risk. Conclusion: According to the results, continuous monitor and control of wastewater treatment plants are necessary.
Highlights
Nowadays, agriculture and crop production rate are negatively affected by growing the world population and food demand, decreasing and degrading of arable land, and especially water shortage [1]
The main aim of the present study was to conduct a meta-analysis on the concentration of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in carrots and potatoes irrigated by wastewater based on the subgroup of countries
In our previous study [74], which was a metaanalysis on the accumulation of PHEs in different parts of onion and tomato, the results showed different orders of concentrations between the investigated parts for both species
Summary
Agriculture and crop production rate are negatively affected by growing the world population and food demand, decreasing and degrading of arable land, and especially water shortage [1]. Some of the negative impacts of water shortage in agriculture/horticulture are increasing salinity [3], nutrient pollution [4], and degradation and loss of flood plains and wetlands These public concerns have led to development of alternative management strategies and an increase in the wastewater reuse as an integral part of water demand management for crop irrigation [5,6]. We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis on the concentration of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in carrots and potatoes irrigated by wastewater and estimate non-carcinogenic health risks among adult and children consumers. Global evaluation of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in potato and carrot irrigated by wastewater: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and health risk assessment.
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