Abstract
Nitrogen fixation has a critical role in marine primary production, yet our understanding of marine nitrogen-fixers (diazotrophs) is hindered by limited observations. Here, we report a quantitative image analysis pipeline combined with mapping of molecular markers for mining >2,000,000 images and >1300 metagenomes from surface, deep chlorophyll maximum and mesopelagic seawater samples across 6 size fractions (<0.2–2000 μm). We use this approach to characterise the diversity, abundance, biovolume and distribution of symbiotic, colony-forming and particle-associated diazotrophs at a global scale. We show that imaging and PCR-free molecular data are congruent. Sequence reads indicate diazotrophs are detected from the ultrasmall bacterioplankton (<0.2 μm) to mesoplankton (180–2000 μm) communities, while images predict numerous symbiotic and colony-forming diazotrophs (>20 µm). Using imaging and molecular data, we estimate that polyploidy can substantially affect gene abundances of symbiotic versus colony-forming diazotrophs. Our results support the canonical view that larger diazotrophs (>10 μm) dominate the tropical belts, while unicellular cyanobacterial and non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs are globally distributed in surface and mesopelagic layers. We describe co-occurring diazotrophic lineages of different lifestyles and identify high-density regions of diazotrophs in the global ocean. Overall, we provide an update of marine diazotroph biogeographical diversity and present a new bioimaging-bioinformatic workflow.
Highlights
Nitrogen fixation has a critical role in marine primary production, yet our understanding of marine nitrogen-fixers is hindered by limited observations
Diazotroph abundance and biovolume based on imaging methods
We first used machine learning tools to search for diazotrophs in the Tara Oceans high-throughput confocal imaging dataset derived from 61 samples of the 20–180 μm plankton size fraction collected at 48 different sampling locations (Supplementary Fig. S2)
Summary
Nitrogen fixation has a critical role in marine primary production, yet our understanding of marine nitrogen-fixers (diazotrophs) is hindered by limited observations. We first used machine learning tools (see “Methods”30) to search for diazotrophs in the Tara Oceans high-throughput confocal imaging dataset derived from 61 samples of the 20–180 μm plankton size fraction collected at 48 different sampling locations (Supplementary Fig. S2).
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