Abstract
Aims This systemic review and meta-analysis were aimed at determining the level of anxiety and depression among cystic fibrosis patients in the world. Methods We conducted a systematic search of published studies from PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and manually on Google Scholar. This meta-analysis follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The quality of studies was assessed by the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Meta-analysis was carried out using a random-effects method using the STATA™ Version 14 software. Trim and fill analysis was done to correct the presence of significant publication bias. Result From 419,820 obtained studies, 26 studies from 2 different parts of the world including 9766. The overall global pooled prevalence of anxiety and depression after correction for publication bias by trim and fill analysis was found to be 24.91(95% CI: 20.8-28.9) for anxiety. The subgroup analyses revealed with the lowest prevalence, 23.59%, (95% CI: 8.08, 39.09)) in North America and the highest, 26.77%, (95% CI: 22.5, 31.04) seen in Europe for anxiety and with the highest prevalence, 18.67%, (95% CI: 9.82, 27.5) in North America and the lowest, 13.27%, (95% CI: -10.05, 16.5) seen in Europe for depression. Conclusion The global prevalence of anxiety and depression among cystic fibrosis patients is common. Therefore, close monitoring of the patient, regularly screening for anxiety and depression, and appropriate prevention techniques is recommended.
Highlights
Depression is a mental disorder characterized by feelings of depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and loss of energy that lasts for 2 weeks or more [1]
This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted under the Preferred Reporting Items guidelines for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement [23, 24]
Eighty-five full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 59 of them were excluded due to not reporting the outcome of interest and low methodological quality
Summary
Depression is a mental disorder characterized by feelings of depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and loss of energy that lasts for 2 weeks or more [1]. Depression disorder presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, decreased energy, feelings of guilt or low selfworth, disturbed sleep or appetite, poor concentration, the problem of thinking and making decisions, and, in severe stages, recurring thoughts of death or suicide [2], whereas anxiety is a vague, subjective, nonspecific feeling of uneasiness, apprehension, tension, (excessive nervousness) fears, and a sense of impending doom, irrational avoidance of objects or situation, and anxiety attack [3]. According to the WHO report in 2017, 300 million people around the world have depression and the burden of depression and other mental health conditions is on the rise globally [6]. The high prevalence suggests that immediate preventive measures should be implemented, such as the setting up of psychopedagogic support services for those in need
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