Abstract
The overall aim of the Ovine FAANG project is to provide a comprehensive annotation of the new highly contiguous sheep reference genome sequence (Oar rambouillet v1.0). Mapping of transcription start sites (TSS) is a key first step in understanding transcript regulation and diversity. Using 56 tissue samples collected from the reference ewe Benz2616, we have performed a global analysis of TSS and TSS-Enhancer clusters using Cap Analysis Gene Expression (CAGE) sequencing. CAGE measures RNA expression by 5′ cap-trapping and has been specifically designed to allow the characterization of TSS within promoters to single-nucleotide resolution. We have adapted an analysis pipeline that uses TagDust2 for clean-up and trimming, Bowtie2 for mapping, CAGEfightR for clustering, and the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) for visualization. Mapping of CAGE tags indicated that the expression levels of CAGE tag clusters varied across tissues. Expression profiles across tissues were validated using corresponding polyA+ mRNA-Seq data from the same samples. After removal of CAGE tags with <10 read counts, 39.3% of TSS overlapped with 5′ ends of 31,113 transcripts that had been previously annotated by NCBI (out of a total of 56,308 from the NCBI annotation). For 25,195 of the transcripts, previously annotated by NCBI, no TSS meeting stringent criteria were identified. A further 14.7% of TSS mapped to within 50 bp of annotated promoter regions. Intersecting these predicted TSS regions with annotated promoter regions (±50 bp) revealed 46% of the predicted TSS were “novel” and previously un-annotated. Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data from the same tissues, we were able to determine that a proportion of these “novel” TSS were hypo-methylated (32.2%) indicating that they are likely to be reproducible rather than “noise”. This global analysis of TSS in sheep will significantly enhance the annotation of gene models in the new ovine reference assembly. Our analyses provide one of the highest resolution annotations of transcript regulation and diversity in a livestock species to date.
Highlights
The Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes (FAANG) consortium is a concerted international effort to use molecular assays, developed during the Human ENCODE project (Birney et al, 2007), to annotate the majority of functional elements in the genomes of domesticated animals (Andersson et al, 2015; Giuffra and Tuggle, 2019)
The overall aim of the Ovine FAANG project was to provide a comprehensive annotation of Oar rambouillet v1.0
After removal of Cap Analysis Gene Expression (CAGE) tags with
Summary
The Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes (FAANG) consortium is a concerted international effort to use molecular assays, developed during the Human ENCODE project (Birney et al, 2007), to annotate the majority of functional elements in the genomes of domesticated animals (Andersson et al, 2015; Giuffra and Tuggle, 2019) Toward this aim, the overarching goal of the Ovine FAANG project (Murdoch, 2019) is to provide a comprehensive annotation of the new highly contiguous reference genome for sheep, Oar rambouillet v1.0.1 The Ovine FAANG project is developing a deep and robust dataset of expressed elements and regulatory features in the sheep genome as a resource for the livestock genomics community. Using CAGE sequencing technology, the FANTOM5 consortium generated a comprehensive annotation of TSS for the human genome, which included the major primary cell and tissue types (Forrest et al, 2014)
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