Abstract
Abstract. Recently, the aerosol microphysics submodel MADE3 (Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for Europe, adapted for global applications, third generation) was introduced as a successor to MADE and MADE-in. It includes nine aerosol species and nine lognormal modes to represent aerosol particles of three different mixing states throughout the aerosol size spectrum. Here, we describe the implementation of the most recent version of MADE3 into the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) general circulation model, including a detailed evaluation of a 10-year aerosol simulation with MADE3 as part of EMAC. We compare simulation output to station network measurements of near-surface aerosol component mass concentrations, to airborne measurements of aerosol mass mixing ratio and number concentration vertical profiles, to ground-based and airborne measurements of particle size distributions, and to station network and satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth. Furthermore, we describe and apply a new evaluation method, which allows a comparison of model output to size-resolved electron microscopy measurements of particle composition. Although there are indications that fine-mode particle deposition may be underestimated by the model, we obtained satisfactory agreement with the observations. Remaining deviations are of similar size to those identified in other global aerosol model studies. Thus, MADE3 can be considered ready for application within EMAC. Due to its detailed representation of aerosol mixing state, it is especially useful for simulating wet and dry removal of aerosol particles, aerosol-induced formation of cloud droplets and ice crystals as well as aerosol–radiation interactions. Besides studies on these fundamental processes, we also plan to use MADE3 for a reassessment of the climate effects of anthropogenic aerosol perturbations.
Highlights
The MESSy (Modular Earth Submodel System; Jöckel et al, 2010) aerosol microphysics submodel MADE3 (Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for Europe, adapted for global applications, third generation) was created with a requantification of the aerosol–climate effect of offshore ship traffic in mind (Kaiser et al, 2014)
Kaiser et al.: Global aerosol modeling with MADE3: model description and evaluation that sulfate formed from ship emissions may be one of the major contributors to the negative anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing (Capaldo et al, 1999; Lauer et al, 2007; Lauer et al, 2009; Righi et al, 2011, 2013; Olivié et al, 2012; Peters et al, 2012, 2013)
Such interactions were neglected in the previous assessments and were included in MADE3, which represents an extension of MADE (Lauer et al, 2007) and its successor MADE-in with enhanced resolution of fine particle mixing state (Aquila et al, 2011)
Summary
The MESSy (Modular Earth Submodel System; Jöckel et al, 2010) aerosol microphysics submodel MADE3 (Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for Europe, adapted for global applications, third generation) was created with a requantification of the aerosol–climate effect of offshore ship traffic in mind (Kaiser et al, 2014). The ice formation efficiency of these particles strongly depends on their size, surface area, and state of mixing with soluble aerosol species To simulate these effects, climate models should allow for explicit predictions of the number concentration, size distribution, and mixing state of aerosol particles containing insoluble components. MADE3 has the advantage that it allows explicit simulations of the number concentration, size distribution (assuming lognormal modes with fixed widths), and mixing state (external or internal mixture) of aerosol particles containing insoluble components. We explain to the reader that significant parts of the text in the abstract, Sects. 2 and 3, and Appendix B already appeared in Kaiser (2016)
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