Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant protein. When administered orally, it has low bioavailability due to its low permeation. In a previous study we fused gliadin peptide P51 (LGQQQPFPPQQPYPQPQPF) and gliadin peptide P61 (QQPYPQPQPF) with SOD Citrus limon (SOD_Cl), namely GliSOD_P51 and GliSOD_P61 to increase permeation of SOD_Cl through intestine. In this work, the permeation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextran 10 kDa, FD10 and 40 kDa, FD40 as paracellular transport markers across excised rat intestinal wall was investigated with the presence of GliSOD_P51 and GliSOD_P61. A permeability study was performed using non-everted rat intestine by incubating FD10 or FD40 with SOD_Cl, and GliSOD_P61. The presence of SOD_Cl, GliSOD_P51 or GliSOD_P61 inside intestine (apical) and outside intestine (basolateral) was analyzed by protein electrophoresis. The concentration of FD that penetrated to the basolateral solution was analyzed by spectrofluorometry. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis revealed the presence of GliSOD_P51 and GliSOD_P61 but not SOD_Cl in basolateral compartment. The percentage of FD10 but not FD40 and SOD_Cl that penetrated to the basolateral solution significantly increased with the presence of gliadin in GliSOD_P51 and GliSOD_P61. GliSOD_P51 and GliSOD_P61 are able to penetrate the rat intestinal epithelial membrane and the gliadin peptides facilitate FD10 to penetrate the epithelial.
Highlights
Oxidative stress due to the higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a prevalent condition in various diseases, including cancer, asthma, diabetes, arthritis, atherosclerosis, aging, infertility, neurological disorders, ischemia-reperfusion injury, transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and septic shock-induced tissue injury [1,2]
We demonstrated that the presence of LGQQQPFPPQQPYPQPQPF and QQPYPQPQPF gliadin peptides in SOD Citrus limon (SOD_Cl) enabled the SODs to be readily absorbed from the non-everted intestine of the rat
GliSOD_P61 but not SOD_Cl was found to permeate through the Caco-2 cell monolayer via a mechanism involving tight junctions opening without affecting the ZO-1 gene expression and no toxicity effect [11] was observed demonstrating that gliadin peptide P61 had potential as a permeation enhancer
Summary
Oxidative stress due to the higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a prevalent condition in various diseases, including cancer, asthma, diabetes, arthritis, atherosclerosis, aging, infertility, neurological disorders, ischemia-reperfusion injury, transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and septic shock-induced tissue injury [1,2]. Superoxidedismutase (SOD) is a primary antioxidant enzyme that plays an important role in scavenging the ROS. Due to this activity, this enzyme is considered as a potential therapeutic compound which is important in dealing with oxidative stress [3], and clinical studies of SOD in human subjects showed promising results [4,5]. Protein should have the ability to be efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and to cross biological membranes. The low lipophilicity and large molecular mass of proteins limit their absorption [6,7,8]. Owing to its high molecular size and hydrophilicity in nature, SOD is difficult to absorb into the intestinal tract
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
