Glasshouse Evaluation of the Black Soldier Fly Waste Product HexaFrass™ as an Organic Fertilizer

Sara Borkent,Simon Hodge

doi:10.3390/insects12110977

Abstract

Simple SummaryIn recent years farmers have relied on highly efficient synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to achieve increased yields. However, the extensive application of nitrogen-based fertilizers is now associated with several negative impacts on the environment, such as pollution of waterways and eutrophication of lakes and estuaries. To promote more sustainable food production, less environmentally damaging methods of adding nutrients and organic matter to soils are needed. One potential organic fertilizer has arisen recently as a by-product of insect farming. Mass production of the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.) results in the production of waste or frass, which is high in organic matter and contains essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. In this study, it was found that one such product, HexaFrass™, improved the shoot and root growth of several herb and vegetable plants when grown under glasshouse conditions, and had similar effects to other commonly-used organic fertilizers, such as chicken manure pellets. As HexaFrass™ is a waste by-product, and the BSF are themselves raised on other food or organic wastes, the use of BSF frass has good potential as a sustainable, more environmentally-friendly, organic soil amendment.The mass farming of the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.), to produce insect-based feed for livestock and fish, results in considerable amounts of insect frass, which contains substantial amounts of organic matter and bioavailable nutrients. Insect frass has shown good potential as a soil amendment and organic fertilizer. This study examined the effects of HexaFrass™ on the growth of common vegetables and herbs under glasshouse conditions. In an organically-rich potting mix, HexaFrass™ increased shoot dry weight by an average of 25%, although this effect was variable among test plants. In other trials, application of HexaFrass™ caused an increase in plant growth similar to that obtained by applying chicken manure and a commercial organic fertilizer. Increases in shoot and root dry weight showed quadratic relationships with HexaFrass™ dose, indicating that application of excessive quantities could lead to plant inhibition. Shoot:root dry matter ratio tended to increase with HexaFrass™ dose suggesting there was no specific stimulation or enhancement of root growth. Overall, these results provide further evidence of the potential of insect frass as an effective organic fertilizer for vegetables and herbs.

Highlights

One relatively recent source of organic fertilizer has arisen as a by-product of mass production of the black soldier fly
We examined the growth responses of eleven common garden flowers, vegetables, and herbs to application of HF as a soil amendment, and compared the effects of HF on shoot and root growth when using potting media with different organic contents and different basal nutrient levels
Viewed over all the various assays, HexaFrassTM generally had a positive effect on plant growth

Summary

Introduction

The agricultural sector is under constant pressure to produce increasingly more food due to the growing global population [1]. Farmers have relied on area expansion and use of highly efficient synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to achieve increased yields, these methods are no longer considered viable or sustainable in the long term. Expansion of agricultural land comes at the cost of habitat and biodiversity loss, whereas the application of synthetic nitrogen compounds and the use of biocides required to intensify production is associated with a suite of negative environmental consequences [1,2,3]. There is, a growing realization that to promote a more sustainable intensification of food production, less environmentally damaging methods of adding nutrients and organic matter to soils need to be explored. One relatively recent source of organic fertilizer has arisen as a by-product of mass production of the black soldier fly

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