Abstract
Glass electrodes with internal filling solutions containing zwitterionic buffers are shown to have standard potentials that vary linearly with temperature over a wide range (at least 5–50 °C). This reduces the errors of temperature compensation compared with the proprietary electrodes currently available. A judicious choice of buffer and inner reference element yields an electrode with almost the ideal characteristics of isopotential pH (=7) and zero-point pH (=7), which enable it to be used with all pH meters. Other electrodes could readily be used with modern microprocessor-based meters. In other aspects of their performance (slope factor, hysteresis, response time) the new electrodes are at least as good as commercial sensors.
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