Glacier winds and parameterisation of the related surface heat fluxes

Abstract

The katabatic flow over glaciers is studied with data from automatic weather stations (AWS). Weanalyse data from the Morteratschgletscher (Switzerland), Vatnajökull (Iceland) and West Greenland, and conclude that katabatic flow is very common over melting glacier surfaces and rarely disruptedby the large-scale flow. Over small and medium-size glaciers the height of the wind maximum isgenerally low (typically 10 m), and vertical temperature differences near the surface are very large(up to 15 K over 4 m). In glacier mass-balance models there is a great need for parameterisations ofthe surface heat flux. We develop a simple method to estimate the sensible heat flux Fh associatedwith the glacier wind. It is based on the classical Prandtl model for slope flows. We set the turbulentexchange coefficient proportional to the maximum wind speed (velocity scale) and the height of thewind maximum (length scale). The resulting theory shows that Fh increases quadratically with the temperaturedifference between the surface and the ambient atmosphere; Fh decreases with the square rootof the potential temperature gradient of the ambient atmosphere; and Fh is independent of the surfaceslope.