Glacial‐interglacial dynamics of the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue‐Intertropical Convergence Zone system reconstructed from oxygen isotope records

Abstract

We use planktonic oxygen isotope (δ18O) records spanning the last 30,000 years (kyr) to constrain the magnitude and spatial pattern of glacial cooling in the upwelling environment of the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP). Fourteen new downcore δ18O records were obtained from surface‐dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides sacculifer and Globigerinoides ruber in eight cores from the upwelling tongue of the EEP. All sites have sedimentation rates exceeding 5 cm/kyr and, with one exception, lie above the modern depth of the foraminiferal lysocline. Sites directly underlying the cool band of upwelling immediately south of the equator record mean late Holocene (LH)‐Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) δ18O amplitudes ranging between 1.0 and 1.3‰. We estimate that mean sea surface temperatures (SST) in this region during the LGM were on average 1.5 ± 0.5°C lower than the LH. Larger δ18O amplitudes are observed in sites north of the equator, indicating a spatial pattern of reduced meridional SST gradient across the equator during the LGM. This result is supported by comparison of Mg/Ca SST reconstructions from two sites straddling the equator. We interpret the reduction of this gradient during the LGM as evidence for a less intense cold tongue‐Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) frontal system, a more southerly position of the ITCZ, and weaker southeast equatorial trades in the EEP.