Glabridin Alleviates Inflammation and Nociception in Rodents by Activating BK<sub>Ca</sub> Channels and Reducing NO Levels

Abstract

Inflammation, and the pain that accompanies it, is a natural response of the body. The licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous, and anti-nociceptive effects of its extracts. The effective ingredient remains unidentified; however, one possibility is the unique isoflavone glabridin. The anti-nociceptive, and anti-inflammatory effects of glabridin and its possible mechanism with focus on the large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels and L-arginine-nitric oxide (NO) pathway were examined by using different tests. In order to determine the anti-edematous, anti-nociceptive, and anti-oxidative effects of glabradin, some tests such as the tail flick, hotplate, carrageenan-induced paw edema, air pouch, acetic-acid-induced writhing, formalin, and capsaicin tests, as well as toxicity and open field tests were made. Glabridin was administered to rats (n = 8) or mice (n = 8) for 3 d at 3 doses (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg). Glabridin inhibited cytokine production and showed an anti-nociceptive response via the activating of BKCa channels and downregulating NO level and partially transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 pathways. It also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, while showing no cytotoxicity. Glabridin, however, showed no anti-nociceptive effect in the neurogenic phase. Glabridin is a promising substance in terms of its anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by disrupting peripheral NO production, inhibiting cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) activation and activating BKCa channels and its lack of acute and subacute toxic effects.