Abstract
Objectives: This study explores the status of primary education throughout the country in states and union territories (UTs). The main objectives of this study are to identify hotspots and cold-spots and delineate the cluster of primary education levels in India applying Getis-Ord Gi* statistics. Methods/analysis: The spatial clustering among the various Indian states was determined using Arc GIS cluster–outlier analysis. An area is considered statistically significant if its p-value is below 0.05. In order to define India’s spatial cluster of elementary EDI scores based on the hotspot and coldspot analysis and delineate Indian primary education clusters using Getis-Ord Gi* statistics with a fixed distance band of ArcGIS. Findings: The rate of increase of 6–10 year old (grade 1–5) enrolment in primary education rose from 42.6% in 1950–1951 to 100.8% in 2014–2015. The resulting education development index (EDI) of primary education shows a clustering of hot and cold-spots. The spatial outliers are also identified. This EDI demonstrates a geographic trend in the growth of primary education over 10 years as high or low primary education clusters and helps measure the government’s efforts. Improvements: Further this study could be enhanced to district level primary education in India. This also shows how GIS analysis works for these many more unit’s overtime. It may be an interesting analysis, where indeed the GIS and visual approach could add to our knowledge.Keywords: GIS, Hotspot Analysis, Cluster, Primary Education, Arc GIS, India
Highlights
According to estimates by the Unique Identification Authority of India, the population of India according to 2018 statistics is 1.34 billion.1 This comprises 17.74% of the overall world population
Education Development Index (EDI) scores of primary education were obtained during a period of 10 years between 2005 and 201524 DISE Flash Statistics by the National University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA) and the Government of India, Department of School Education and Literacy (Table 4)
The conversion can be done in Arc GIS by accessing data management in Arc Toolbox and choosing “projection and transformation” and “project”; the file is selected in the input, and the UTM coordinate system is chosen with the appropriate zone of India
Summary
According to estimates by the Unique Identification Authority of India, the population of India according to 2018 statistics is 1.34 billion. This comprises 17.74% of the overall world population. According to the Indian ministry of human resource development, at the department of school education and literacy, to consider a 7-year-old child as literate, he/she should be able to read, write, and understand a language. As for adults (individuals aged 15 to 24 years old), a literate person should be able to read, write, and understand commonly used statements in a language. Based on this classification, the latest ministry’s statistical reports show an improvement in the percentage of literate adult females between 2001 and 2011 (from 47.8% to 59.3%); these numbers are still at low levels, because they indicated that 40.7% of future mothers were unable to read (Table 1).
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