Abstract
Bone homeostasis is tightly regulated to balance bone formation and bone resorption. Many anabolic drugs are used as bone-targeted therapeutic agents for the promotion of osteoblast-mediated bone formation or inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Previous studies showed that ginsenoside Re has the effect of the suppression of osteoclast differentiation in mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages and zebrafish. Herein, we investigated whether ginsenoside Re affects osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in in vitro and in vivo models. Mouse osteoblast precursor MC3T3-E1 cells were used to investigate cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization. In addition, we examined osteoblastic signaling pathways. Ginsenoside Re affected ALP activity without cytotoxicity, and we also observed the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation through the activation of osteoblast markers including runt-related transcription factor 2, type 1 collagen, ALP, and osteocalcin in MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, Alizarin red S staining indicated that ginsenoside Re increased osteoblast mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells and zebrafish scales compared to controls. These results suggest that ginsenoside Re promotes osteoblast differentiation as well as inhibits osteoclast differentiation, and it could be a potential therapeutic agent for bone diseases.
Highlights
Bone is the most important tissue in the body skeleton
An appropriate balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is important in bone remodeling; impaired bone homeostasis can cause bone diseases such as bone fracture and osteoporosis [3,4]
Re stimulates osteoblast differentiation cells (Figure 3B–D). These results suggest that ginsenoside Re stimulates osteoblast differentiation through Runx2 through
Summary
Bone is the most important tissue in the body skeleton. Bones preserve the various organs, regulate blood calcium, produce hematopoietic cells, and support the body. For the treatment of osteoporosis, estrogen, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, and selective estrogen receptor modulators are on the market [3,4] These drugs have many side effects such as osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), atrial fibrillation, and esophageal cancer [5,6,7,8]. Ginsenosides are the major components in an aspect of pharmacological effects of ginseng [15]. Ginsenoside Re exhibits a multiple of pharmacological activities including anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative effects, and cardiovascular system support [16,17,18,19]. We investigated the effects of ginsenoside Re on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. We observed that ginsenoside Re increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro and promoted mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells and zebrafish scales in vivo
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