Abstract
BackgroundCareful consideration and assessment of the type of phenotype has gained a fundamental importance in the treatment planning for any patient. We evaluated the prevalence of gingival phenotypes in a sample of Yemeni population and to explore its relationships to gender, age and other risk factors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed among 456 patients. All maxillary anterior teeth were included for all parameters and 1st molars were included for gingival thickness measurements. All patients included in this study were systemically healthy and presented no dental crowding. Four clinical parameters were systematically recorded: Gingival thickness (GT), Width of keratinized gingiva (WKG), Crown width/ crown length (CW/CL) ratio and Papilla height (PH). Scores obtained from different parameters measurements were recorded and analyzed using non-parametric tests where P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. One examiner performed all measurements.ResultsThe mean age was 29.9 ± 8.26 years. Of 456 recruited subjects, 83 (18.2%) subjects had thin, 69 (15.1%) had thick GT and 304 (66.7%) were placed in non-categorized (1.5–2 mm) GT. Square crown shape was found in 210 (44.1%) patients and 245 patients (55.9%) showed rectangular shape. Regarding WKG, 114 (25%) patients had width < 4 mm, 319 (70%) had width 4.1–8 mm and 23 (5%) patients had width > 8 mm. There was no significant difference between males and females for GT measurements. Regarding WKG, results showed that the prevalence of WKG 4.1–8 mm was more among females while males had more prevalence of ≤4 mm with significance difference. PH showed no significant differences between males and females. Regarding age, there was no significant differences between patients ≤25 years and > 25 years for all gingival parameters measurements. The relationship of smoking with different gingival parameters also showed no significant differences between smokers and non-smokers. Similarly, relationship of khat chewing with different gingival parameters showed no significant difference. Regarding inter-relationship between parameters, thin GT was associated with rectangular tooth form while square and quadrate forms are more associated with “1.5–2 mm” GT. WKG of ≤4 mm was associated with rectangular tooth form while WKG > 8 was more associated with square and quadrate forms with no significant difference. Results showed significant association between thin GT with 4.1–8 mm WKG.ConclusionYemeni population had more prevalence of “1.5–2 mm” GT, rectangular crown shape and WKG from 4.1–8 mm. Regarding interrelationship between gingival parameters, GT showed obvious relationship with WKG, CW/CL ratio and PH. WKG with CW/CL also showed significant relationship while no relationship was shown between other gingival phenotype parameters.
Highlights
Careful consideration and assessment of the type of phenotype has gained a fundamental importance in the treatment planning for any patient
The identification of the gingival phenotype is considered important because differences in gingival and osseous architecture have been shown to exhibit a significant impact on the outcome of restorative therapy [5]
This study aimed to evaluate the interrelationship between the parameters of gingival phenotype
Summary
Careful consideration and assessment of the type of phenotype has gained a fundamental importance in the treatment planning for any patient. Claffey and Shanley defined the thin tissue biotype as a GT of < 1.5 mm, and the thick tissue biotype was referred to as having a tissue thickness ± 2 mm (measurements of 1.6 to 1.9 mm were not accounted for) [3]. These gingival types could be recognized with a slightly scalloped gingival margin, short and wide teeth on the one hand and a thin, highly scalloped gingival margin with slender teeth on the other. These are: 1. GT (thick or thin): The tissue thickness in a bucco-palatal dimension
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