Abstract
Gingival conditions and tooth sensitivity of young patients with amelogenesis imperfecta lack in depth studies. This case-control study aimed to compare (1) the gingival inflammation, the presence of enamel defects, and tooth sensitivity in young patients with and without amelogenesis imperfecta and (2) to investigate if any difference exists between subtypes of amelogenesis imperfecta. Methodology We compared forty-two participants with amelogenesis imperfecta with forty-two controls matched for age, gender, and the number of examined sites. Based on interview, clinical examination, and intraoral photography, we collected data on periodontal conditions, enamel defects and the presence of tooth sensitivity. Comparison tests were performed to investigate if any difference existed between cases and controls; and among cases, between the different subtypes of amelogenesis imperfecta. We performed a post-hoc analysis for any significant difference observed.Results We observed more gingival inflammation, enamel defects and tooth sensitivity among cases (all p<0.05). Participants with hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta had more gingival inflammation, enamel defects, and tooth sensitivity than patients with the hypoplastic and hypomature subtypes (all p<0.05). After adjustment for dental plaque, gingival inflammation was associated with the presence of amelogenesis imperfecta (OR (95%CI) = 1.14 (1.05; 1.24). p<0.01).Conclusion Gingival inflammation, enamel defect and tooth sensitivity are more frequently observed among young patients with amelogenesis imperfecta, and more specifically among children with the hypocalcified subtype.
Highlights
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a rare genetic disease affecting enamel development and mineralization
Gingival conditions and tooth sensitivity of young patients with amelogenesis imperfecta lack in depth studies. This case-control study aimed to compare (1) the gingival inflammation, the presence of enamel defects, and tooth sensitivity in young patients with and without amelogenesis imperfecta and (2) to investigate if any difference exists between subtypes of amelogenesis imperfecta
After adjustment for dental plaque, gingival inflammation was associated with the presence of amelogenesis imperfecta (OR (95%CI) = 1.14 (1.05; 1.24). p
Summary
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a rare genetic disease affecting enamel development and mineralization. It might be isolated or a symptom of a syndrome, and it can affect both primary and permanent teeth. Isolated AI results from mutations in specific genes (LAMB3, ENAM, AMBN, ITGB6, AMELX, KLK4, MMP20, WDR72, ODAPH, SLC24A4, FAM83H, DLX3, ARHGAP6, LAMA3, AMTN, ACPT, GPR68, RELT, SP6).. AI presents three subtypes: hypoplastic (type I), hypocalcified (type II), and hypomature (type III).. Clinical expression varies, affecting teeth color (from white to yellow brown), surface (smooth, rough, spotted), and hardness (from normal hardness to soft enamel). Other oral anomalies can be observed, such as teeth agenesis, pulp calcifications, open bite, gingival overgrowth, and periodontal disease.
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