Abstract
Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis and its inflammagens are associated with a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The proteases, gingipains, have also recently been identified in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients and in the blood of Parkinson's disease patients. Bacterial inflammagens, including lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and various proteases in circulation, may drive systemic inflammation.Methods: Here, we investigate the effects of the bacterial products LPS from Escherichia coli and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and also the P. gingivalis gingipain [recombinant P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA)], on clot architecture and clot formation in whole blood and plasma from healthy individuals, as well as in purified fibrinogen models. Structural analysis of clots was performed using confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and AFM-Raman imaging. We use thromboelastography® (TEG®) and rheometry to compare the static and dynamic mechanical properties of clots.Results: We found that these inflammagens may interact with fibrin(ogen) and this interaction causes anomalous blood clotting.Conclusions: These techniques, in combination, provide insight into the effects of these bacterial products on cardiovascular health, and particularly clot structure and mechanics.
Highlights
Porphyromonas gingivalis and its inflammagens are associated with a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2DM)
Here, we investigate the effects of the bacterial products LPS from Escherichia coli and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and the P. gingivalis gingipain [recombinant P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA)], on clot architecture and clot formation in whole blood and plasma from healthy individuals, as well as in purified fibrinogen models
We use thromboelastography® (TEG®) and rheometry to compare the static and dynamic mechanical properties of clots. We found that these inflammagens may interact with fibrin(ogen) and this interaction causes anomalous blood clotting
Summary
Porphyromonas gingivalis and its inflammagens are associated with a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Bacterial inflammagens, including lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and various proteases in circulation, may drive systemic inflammation. Bacterial involvement in inflammatory conditions, via the occurrence of leaky gut (gut dysbiosis) and periodontitis and/or gingivitis, are accompanied by the shedding of cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), and these molecules are known to be highly inflammagenic [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Many non-communicable diseases have been associated with the presence of periodontitis, gut dysbiosis, bacterial translocation via the gut and increased levels of the bacterial inflammagen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS); for an overview see [5]. LPS has been implicated in T2DM [29, 30], sepsis [31], rheumatoid arthritis [32], and psoriasis vulgaris [33]
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