Abstract
Plant biostimulants (BIOs) have been identified as among the best agricultural practices over the past few decades. Ginger extract (GE) and fulvic acid (FA) are a new family of multifunctional BIOs that positively affect development processes in plants. However, the underlying mechanisms that influence these development processes are still unknown. The objective of this study was to determine how GE and FA affect the plant growth and productivity in damask rose. Furthermore, the mechanisms of these BIOs that regulate the performance of this plant were investigated. Damask rose plants were foliar-sprayed with GE (5, 10 and 15 mg L−1) or FA (1, 3 and 5 g L−1), while control plants were sprayed with tap water. The results showed that GE or FA foliar applications enhanced plant height and branch number much more than the control; however, FA treatment was more effective than GE. Intriguingly, flower number, flower yield, relative water content, and total chlorophyll content were all improved by either GE or FA, paying attention to reducing the blind shoot number per plant. Relative to the control, foliar application with 15 mg L−1 GE or 3 mg L−1FA increased the flower number by 16.11% and 19.83% and the flower yield per hectare by 40.53% and 52.75%, respectively. Substantial enhancements in volatile oil content and oil yield were observed due to GE and FA treatments, especially with the highest concentrations of both BIOs. The treatments of GE and FA considerably improved the total soluble sugars, total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, and total carotenoid content, more so with FA. Additionally, the contents of N, P, K, Mg, Fe, and Zn elements were also enhanced by applying either GE or FA, especially at higher levels of both BIOs. In sum, our findings illuminate the potential functions of exogenous application of GE and FA in improving the growth, flower yield, and volatile oil yield in damask rose through enhancing the phytochemical and nutrient profiles. Applications of GE and FA can, thus, be a promising approach for enhancing the productivity of damask rose.
Highlights
Rosa damascena Mill. (Damask rose) is a significant fragrant plant in the Rosaceae family that is widely utilized as a decorative species in gardens and parks, as well as in the perfume, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries [1]
Height and branch number wereflower significantly increased a result of per ginger extract (GE) hill, and produced significantly higher number per hill, as flower yield and fulvic acid (FA) applications compared to the control; FA
The current results indicate that GE is rich in carotenoids, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, antioxidants, and macro- and micronutrients (Table 1)
Summary
Rosa damascena Mill. (Damask rose) is a significant fragrant plant in the Rosaceae family that is widely utilized as a decorative species in gardens and parks, as well as in the perfume, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries [1]. (Damask rose) is a significant fragrant plant in the Rosaceae family that is widely utilized as a decorative species in gardens and parks, as well as in the perfume, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries [1]. The damask rose is the most important of the more than 200 Rosa genera found in Europe, North America, Asia, and the Middle East [2,3]. Chemical fertilizers have been widely utilized to solve this problem; along with their expensive cost, their long-term usage has resulted in a number of concerns, including the destruction of soil microbial communities and the contamination of the environment [6,7]. Developing sustainable protocols to improve the growth and productivity of damask rose has spurred a massive interest in commercial applications to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers
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