Abstract
Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is a virus disease present in all grapevine-growing regions of the world. Mealybugs and scale insects have been reported as vectors of some grapevine leafroll-associated viruses belongs to the ampeloviruses (family Closteroviridae) in particular with grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) and GLRaV-3. Both grape (Pseudococcus maritimus) and Gill’s mealybugs are commonly present in Virginia vineyards, but we have limited information on acquisition and transmission of GLRaV-3 by Gill's mealybug (Ferrisia Gilli). We conducted acquisition and transmission assays in the greenhouse to examine the threshold for shorter acquisition time of GLRaV-3 with F. gilli. Approximately 67% and 58% rates of GLRaV-3 acquisition by F. gilli following 24 and 48 hours, respectively, of feeding period were documented. F. gilli first instars fed on a GLRaV-3-positive grapevine for 24 and 48 hours successfully transmitted GLRaV-3 to healthy grapevines after 24 hours of feeding/transmission time. The quick acquisition demonstrated in this study could be one of the factors that promoted the rapid expansion of GLRaV-3-infected vines in vineyards documented in previous studies.
Highlights
Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is a virus disease present in all grapevine-growing regions of the world (Naidu et al, 2014)
We documented a widespread of GLRaV-3 among Virginia vineyards (Jones et al, 2015) and a very rapid spread of GLRaV-3-positive grapevines in a vineyard infested with both F. gilli and P. maritimus (Jones and Nita, 2016)
The negative check vines which were fed with F. gilli that were never fed on GLRaV-3-positive grapevine remained GLRaV-3-negative
Summary
Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is a virus disease present in all grapevine-growing regions of the world (Naidu et al, 2014). Recent studies have demonstrated that the grape (Pseudococcus maritimus), longtailed (Pseudococcus longispinus), citrophilus (Pseudococcus calceolariae), citrus (Planococcus citri), and obscure (Pseudococcus viburni) mealybugs) are all capable of transmitting GLRaV-3 in semi-persistent manner (Cabaleiro and Segura, 1997; Golino et al, 2002; Petersen and Charles, 1997; Tsai et al, 2008; Tsai et al, 2010) Both Pseudococcus maritimus and the Gill's mealybugs (Ferrisia gilli) were commonly found in Virginia vineyards (Jones and Nita, 2019; Jones et al, 2015). The information will help us understand the effectiveness of GLRaV-3 transmission by F. gilli in the field
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