Giant power output in lead-free ferroelectrics by shock-induced phase transition

Abstract

The force-electric effect in ferroelectrics is characterized by the release of bound charge during pressure/shock-induced depolarization. In contrast to other electrical energy storage systems, the charge-storage/release by the force-electric effect of ferroelectrics is determined by polarization switching or polar-nonpolar phase transition. This offers a further set of options for materials design in the realm of energy conversion, especially for the high power density applications. Here, we report that a ferroelectric ceramic, $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}_{0.5}\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{i}}_{0.5}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (NBT), can generate a high power output $(3.04\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{kg})$ under shock compression, which is one of the highest values achieved by the force-electric effect. The in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies reveal that this power output mainly arises from a polar-nonpolar phase transition (rhombohedral-orthorhombic). First-principles calculations show that this is a first-order phase transition that undergoes two-step structure changes. These results extend the application of the force-electric effect and are a key step in understanding the phase transition behaviors of NBT under high pressure.