Abstract
AbstractAstrophysical objects of low mass, ranging from giant planets to extreme dwarf main-sequence stars, have a number of physical characteristics in common due to properties of their equations of state. Their luminosities are low (much less than the solar luminosity L⊙) and their evolutionary timescales are typically measured in Gyr. So far there are few observational examples of these objects, although they are undoubtedly numerous in the galaxy. The lower mass limit is set by the object’s ability to retain hydrogen during accumulation (about the mass of Saturn), while the upper mass limit is set by the lifting of electron degeneracy by high internal temperature. Objects confined within this broad range, which extends up to about 0.1 M⊙, are governed by the thermodynamics of liquid metallic hydrogen. In this paper, we discuss the implications of this feature of their interior structure for their radii, interior temperatures, thermonuclear energy generation rates, and luminosities. We conclude with a brief assessment of the confrontation between observations and theory in galactic clusters and in the solar system.
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