Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate how central obesity and hypertension modulate unacylated ghrelin (UnAG), acylated ghrelin (AG), obestatin, growth hormone (GH), and the ratios of UnAG/obestatin, AG/obestatin, and total ghrelin/obestatin.Methods: Circulatory abundances of UnAG, AG, obestatin and GH were determined in 387 Hong Kong Chinese female adults with age between 24 to 86 years based on a 2 × 2 factorial design of hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg) and central obesity (waist circumference or WC ≥80 cm). Participants were categorized as neither hypertensive nor centrally obese (NHNO; n = 105), hypertensive but not centrally obese (HNO; n = 102), centrally obese but not hypertensive (NHO; n = 74) and hypertensive and centrally obese (NO; n = 106). Pearson's correlation analyses were performed to detect the association between the peptides examined with WC and blood pressure. The main and interaction effects of hypertension and central obesity were examined by generalized estimating equations analyses.Results: Correlation analyses revealed that systolic blood pressure was negatively correlated with AG/obestatin, UnAG/obestatin and total ghrelin/obestatin ratios, AG, total ghrelin, and GH, while diastolic blood pressure was negatively correlated with UnAG/obestatin, total ghrelin/obestatin ratios, and GH. WC was negatively correlated with AG/obestatin, UnAG/obestatin, and total ghrelin/obestatin ratios, UnAG, AG, total ghrelin, GH, and obestatin. Interaction effects of hypertension and central obesity were observed on UnAG/obestatin, AG/obestatin and total ghrelin/obestatin ratios, and obestatin. Obestatin in NHO group was significantly higher compared to NHNO and HO groups. UnAG/obestatin, AG/obestatin, and total ghrelin/obestatin ratios were higher in NHNO group compared to HNO and HO groups. Main effects of central obesity and hypertension were observed in UnAG, total ghrelin and GH. The HO group manifested the lowest level of UnAG, total ghrelin and GH among all the groups studied. Main effect of hypertension was observed on AG, suggesting that hypertensive individuals exhibited lower levels of AG regardless of central obesity.Conclusion: Circulatory ghrelin gene products and GH exhibit different modes of modulation in response to the co-manifestation of multiple cardiovascular risk factors compared with a single risk factor alone.
Highlights
Obesity and hypertension are unfavorable conditions that increase morbidity and mortality
We aimed to address the changes of both ghrelin forms, obestatin, GH, and the ratios of the two forms of ghrelin to obestatin in the presence of the interaction between hypertension and central obesity
We have demonstrated for the first time that the circulatory levels of several ghrelin gene products and the ratios of total ghrelin/obestatin, acylated ghrelin (AG)/obestatin, and unacylated ghrelin (UnAG)/obestatin are correlated with concomitant manifestation of hypertension and central obesity
Summary
Obesity and hypertension are unfavorable conditions that increase morbidity and mortality. Central obesity (waist circumference ≥90 cm for male; ≥80 cm for female) and hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg) are two of the cardiometabolic risk factors of metabolic syndrome that predispose individuals to cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obese children have been demonstrated to be 3-fold more susceptible to the development of hypertension compared to their lean counterparts. High blood pressure in children was associated with increased prevalence of adiposity [2]. The notion that obesity promotes the development of hypertension was further supported by a joint research conducted by the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology, which revealed a strong correlation between hypertension and excess body weight in adults [3]. One of the linking hypotheses is that obesity-related endothelial dysfunction and the functional abnormalities of the kidney are common pathologies of hypertension
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