GHANDIAN PHILOSOPHY OF NON-VIOLENCE IN THE ITALIAN CONSTITUTION

Abstract

This article explores the connection between Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence and the fundamental principles of the 1948 Italian Constitution, analysing how Gandhian values have influenced the architecture of rights and freedoms enshrined in the Italian Constitutional Charter. The article begins with a reflection on work as an instrument of personal emancipation and collective growth, a concept that Gandhi considered central to the development of a just and harmonious society. It examines how Article 1 of the Italian Constitution, which proclaims Italy as ‘a democratic republic, founded on labour’, embodies these principles, highlighting the role of work not only as a means of subsistence, but as the foundation of the welfare and progress of the entire nation.Continuing, the article analyses the principle of formal and substantive equality enshrined in Article 3 of the Italian Constitution, relating it to Gandhi’s struggle against the caste system in India. The Italian Constitution embraces the concept of equality not only before the law, but also in the removal of economic and social obstacles that prevent the effective enjoyment of rights by all citizens.Special attention is devoted to Article 11 of the Constitution, which repudiates war as an instrument of offence against the freedom of other peoples and promotes peace and international cooperation. This principle is closely linked to the Gandhian philosophy of non-violence, which rejects the use of force not only in the personal sphere, but also in international relations, proposing instead dialogue and diplomacy as tools for conflict resolution.The article also explores the principle of the presumption of innocence, enshrined in Article 27 of the Italian Constitution, in contrast to the repressive practices of authoritarian regimes, both colonial and fascist, which assumed the guilt of anyone who opposed the established power. It is emphasised that the Italian Constitution represents an important step towards a fairer justice that respects human dignity.Finally, the role of science and freedom of teaching is examined, with a focus on Article 33 of the Constitution, which guarantees scientific freedom as a pillar of human progress. The article highlights the Gandhian vision of a science at the service of humanity, criticising the use of technology without ethical and human considerations, and arguing for the importance of science education that promotes open debate and respect for divergent opinions.Ultimately, the Italian Constitution, through its fundamental principles, not only reflects the Gandhian vision of a just and peaceful society, but also embodies a relentless commitment to the pursuit of truth. This commitment, like truth itself, is an ongoing journey that requires the active and conscious participation of every citizen to build a society in which justice, equality and human dignity are constantly pursued and realised.