Abstract
Background: While numerous studies suggest that single motherhood is associated with socioeconomic disadvantages and poor health, few studies have analyzed how these conditions have evolved over time. Addressing this gap, we examined the temporal development of self-rated health (SRH) among single compared to partnered mothers, and the role of socioeconomic factors that may have influenced this trend. Methods: We used representative longitudinal data from the German Socioeconomic Panel Survey (G-SOEP) between 1994 and 2018, consisting of 83,843 women with children, aged 30–49 years (13,664 single and 70,179 partnered mothers). Time trends in SRH and socioeconomic factors were analyzed by means of logistic regression analyses. We applied the Karlson–Holm–Breen (KHB) method for decomposing the total time effect into direct and indirect parts via socioeconomic mediators. Results: The predicted probabilities of good SRH decreased in single mothers from 57.0% to 48.4%, while they increased in partnered mothers from 54.8% to 61.3%. Similarly, predicted probabilities of poor SRH rose from 15.0% to 22.7% in single mothers while decreasing slightly from 12.0% to 11.4% in partnered mothers. Moreover, socioeconomic factors worsened over time for single mothers, while they mostly improved for partnered mothers. Decomposing the time trend revealed that the deterioration of single mothers’ health was partly explained by the worsening of socioeconomic disadvantages, of which the decline in full-time employment, the rise in low incomes, and in unemployment contributed most. Conclusions: The alarming rise in socioeconomic and health disadvantages among single mothers in Germany shows that action is needed to counter this trend.
Highlights
Numerous studies have demonstrated that single motherhood is associated with adverse health outcomes, such as depressive symptoms and anxiety [4–8], disabilities [9], and poor self-rated health [6,10–12]
Notes: Based on decomposition analysis using the KHB method, odds ratios (OR) = odds ratio, reference group of time effect: first year of observation (1994), APEs = average partial effects, 1 : 95% Confidence interval cannot be calculated since standard errors of indirect effects are not known for APE method, Conf_Pct = confounding percentage Coef: indirect effect of each of the mediators, P_diff: contribution of each mediator to the indirect effect in percentages, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
We found that approximately a quarter of the deterioration in single mothers’ self-rated health (SRH) could be explained by the expansion of social disadvantages over time
Summary
As in other Western countries [1,2], the number of single-parent families is on the rise in Germany. Numerous studies have demonstrated that single motherhood is associated with adverse health outcomes, such as depressive symptoms and anxiety [4–8], disabilities [9], and poor self-rated health [6,10–12]. While numerous studies suggest that single motherhood is associated with socioeconomic disadvantages and poor health, few studies have analyzed how these conditions have evolved over time. Addressing this gap, we examined the temporal development of self-rated health (SRH) among single compared to partnered mothers, and the role of socioeconomic factors that may have influenced this trend. Methods: We used representative longitudinal data from the German Socioeconomic Panel Survey (G-SOEP) between 1994 and 2018, consisting of 83,843 women with children, aged 30–49 years (13,664 single and 70,179 partnered mothers). Results: The predicted probabilities of good SRH decreased in single mothers from 57.0% to 48.4%, while they increased in partnered mothers from 54.8% to
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