Gestational diabetes mellitus and size at birth modify early adiposity accretion. Evidence from the OBESO cohort

Abstract

AimTo evaluate the association between maternal obesity, gestational diabetes (GDM), and birth size with infant fat-mass (FM) accretion from 1 to 6 months (M). MethodsHealthy pregnant women and their term babies from the OBESO cohort were studied (1 M−3 M, n = 122; 1 M−6 M, n = 90). Registered maternal data was: pregestational body-mass-index (preBMI), GDM (2hOGTT), medications, gestational weight gain. Macrosomia (>4000 g), large/small for gestational age (LGA/SGA)(weight/age > 90° and < 90°, respectively-WHO) were recorded at birth. Infant FM (air-displacement plethysmography) was measured (1 M, 3 M, 6 M) and FM accretion computed (ΔkgFM from 1 M−3 M and 1 M−6 M). Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was assessed. Adjusted-multiple linear regression models were performed. ResultsPreBMI was 27.4 ± 5.2 kg/m2. GDM was present in9%(n = 11) of women; 12.3%(n = 15) of them received metformin/insulin. One newborn was LGA; 20.7%(n = 25) were SGA. From 1 M−3 M, SGA was a predictor of higher FM accretion (B:0.28, 95%CI:0.14–0.43); GDM was not associated. From 1 M−6 M, higher FM accretion was observed in SGA newborns (B:0.43, 95%CI:0.19–0.67) and GDM infants (B:0.48, 95%CI:0.06–0.89). In all models (R2 ≥ 0.48, p < 0.001), infant weight and being female were positively associated, while maternal obesity, metformin/insulin, and EBF were not. ConclusionsGDM appears to program early higher adiposity accretion, independently of excessive fetal growth. SGA was associated with higher FM accretion in early infancy.