Gestational age, maternal smoking, neurological lesion and retinopathy predict strabismus at age 5.5 in preterm children.

Abstract

Prematurity is a risk factor for strabismus, but the roles of intermediate factors like retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and neurological lesions are less understood. We aimed to identify neonatal risk factors for strabismus at age 5.5 in preterm children. Data were extracted from the étude épidémiologique sur les petits âges gestationnels 2 cohort, a French prospective population-based study of preterm children born in 2011 with gestational age of 34 weeks or less. Strabismus was recorded during a medical interview at 5.5 years. Using a directed acyclic graph, intermediate and confounding factors were identified. Total and direct effects of gestational age on strabismus risk were analysed using generalised estimating equation. Among 2419 children assessed, 274 (52.6% male) presented strabismus at 5.5 years. The direct effect of gestational age remained significant after adjustment (p < 0.001). In the complete imputed model: maternal smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio, OR 1.8; 95% confident interval, 95% CI 1.3-2.6), neonatal severe cerebral lesions (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8-4.6) and severe ROP (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.9-9.0) were independent risk factors. Special attention is needed regarding strabismus screening at age 5.5 in preterm children, even without severe cerebral lesions and ROP. Smoking cessation during pregnancy should be encouraged.