Abstract
ABSTRACT Seeds of wild celery (Apium graveolens L.) from southern Brazil were surface disinfected with different solutions of sodium hypochlorite (5 and 10%) and acetic acid (0.5, 1, 2, 4%), and germination success and fungal infection were evaluated after 28 days of incubation at a constant temperature of 30 oC and 20/30 oC thermoperiod (12h:12h). Germination of wild celery was inhibited at the constant temperature (30 oC). Vigorous total germination (90-100%), a faster germination velocity (1.8-2.5 germinated seeds per day) and moderate fungal infection (53.3-81.7%) of wild celery seeds were obtained with the sodium hypochlorite treatments (5-10% concentration) under the 20/30 oC thermoperiod. The 4% treatment of acetic acid was very effective at preventing seed fungal infection (only 5% of the seeds) but it reduced the average total germination to 60%. Lower concentrations of acetic acid (0.5-2%) resulted in 100% fungal infection. In conclusion, seedlings of wild celery from southern Brazil can be effectively produced by disinfecting the seeds with 5 -10% sodium hypochlorite and incubation under a 20/30 oC thermoperiod (12h:12h).
Highlights
Apium graveolens (Apiaceae) is an herbaceous marshland plant commonly used for consumption since antiquity, mainly due to its unique taste, nutritional composition, fiber content and innumerous pharmaceutical uses (Yao et al, 2010; Shad et al, 2011; Uddin et al, 2015). Browers & Orton (1986) stated that A. graveolens is distributed in coastal marshes of Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa and North America, and that three botanical varieties of celery were domesticated
The concentrations of sodium hypochlorite were made from a dilution of 2.5% active chlorine and the concentration of acetic acid was made from Brazilian vinegar (4% acetic acid; Brazil, 2000); they were prepared with pure chemicals
At a constant temperature of 30 oC (Table 1), no germination of the wild celery seeds occurred after 28 days of incubation
Summary
Apium graveolens (Apiaceae) is an herbaceous marshland plant commonly used for consumption since antiquity, mainly due to its unique taste, nutritional composition, fiber content and innumerous pharmaceutical uses (Yao et al, 2010; Shad et al, 2011; Uddin et al, 2015). Browers & Orton (1986) stated that A. graveolens is distributed in coastal marshes of Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa and North America, and that three botanical varieties of celery (i.e., var. dulce, rapaceum and secalinum) were domesticated ( called smallage and marsh parsley). Wild celery varieties have an increasing market interest and horticultural value, due to their growth behavior (i.e., elongated) and peculiar flavor (i.e., pungent acrid) (Browers & Orton, 1986; Yao et al, 2010), since customers of gourmet foods are more open to new varieties of edible vegetables. In southern Brazil, Costa (1997) recorded a biannual halophytic variety of A. graveolens that occurs in salt marshes of the Patos Lagoon estuary. This wild variety has free phenolic compounds content (known bioactive compounds) that is 10-fold greater than values found in commercial celery cultivars (Souza et al, 2018). Initial studies about the domestication of this halophytic variety had a major setback due to intense seed
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