Abstract
Soybean is known to have diverse beneficial effects against human diseases, including obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Germinated soybean embryos are enriched with bioactive phytochemicals and known to inhibit diet-induced obesity in mice, but their effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unknown. Here, we germinated soybean embryos for 24 h, and their ethanolic extract (GSEE, 15 and 45 mg/kg) was administered daily to mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. HFD significantly increased the weight of the body, liver and adipose tissue, as well as serum lipid markers, but soyasaponin Ab-rich GSEE alleviated these changes. Hepatic injury and triglyceride accumulation in HFD-fed mice were attenuated by GSEE via decreased lipid synthesis (SREBP1c) and increased fatty acid oxidation (p-AMPKα, PPARα, PGC1α, and ACOX) and lipid export (MTTP and ApoB). HFD-induced inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CD14, F4/80, iNOS, and COX2) was normalized by GSEE in mice livers. In adipose tissue, GSEE downregulated white adipose tissue (WAT) differentiation and lipogenesis (PPARγ, C/EBPα, and FAS) and induced browning genes (PGC1α, PRDM16, CIDEA, and UCP1), which could also beneficially affect the liver via lowering adipose tissue-related circulating lipid levels. Thus, our results suggest that GSEE can prevent HFD-induced NAFLD via inhibition of hepatic inflammation and restoration of lipid metabolisms in both liver and adipose tissue.
Highlights
Obesity, which is caused by overnutrition and low energy expenditure, is an important risk factor for various human diseases
To alcoholic fatty liver disease, the histopathological spectrum of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from simple hepatic lipid accumulation to inflammatory steatohepatitis with fibrosis, which can further progress to cirrhosis and cancer [1,2]
The results showed that the germinated soybean embryo extract (GSEE) significantly attenuated high-fat diets (HFD)-induced NAFLD and obesity in the mice by improving lipid metabolism in both the liver and adipose tissue, as well as inhibiting hepatic inflammation
Summary
Obesity, which is caused by overnutrition and low energy expenditure, is an important risk factor for various human diseases. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the obesity-related metabolic disorders which are usually caused by high-calorie and high-fat diets (HFD), is a growing health issue worldwide [1,2]. To alcoholic fatty liver disease, the histopathological spectrum of NAFLD ranges from simple hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis) to inflammatory steatohepatitis with fibrosis, which can further progress to cirrhosis and cancer [1,2]. Dietary soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) has gained growing interests due to its high protein content and beneficial effects against chronic human diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, renal disease, and cancers [3,4,5]. Dietary soybean has been shown to have inhibitory effects against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in animal studies [10,11,12,13]
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