Abstract
Ultra-low temperature district heating systems facilitate use of waste and renewable heat sources. The article presents a possible scheme of operation and optimisation of small ultra-low temperature district heating system consisting of waste heat source, a number of heated individual dwellings and borehole thermal energy storage plant. Optimisation performed for typical meteorological year for Kraków indicate significant potential of decreasing energy amount discharged to the environment and total length of borehole heat exchangers, compared to individual heat/cold production from low-temperature geothermal resources. Meanwhile, satisfied is a set of constrains providing borehole thermal energy storage sustainability and fulfilling entire heating and cooling demands.
Highlights
Sufficient heating and cooling of buildings and industrial processes becomes one of the most crucial challenges in their proper design and realisation
The present article is to propose ultra-low-temperature district heating system used for cooling small industrial object, space heating and sanitary hot water preparation for citizens and energy gaining/storage from borehole heat exchangers (BHE), which constitute borehole thermal energy storage (BTES)
The initial BTES value has been set as 80 kWh per meter of the borehole heat exchanger (BHE), which is moderate value for its energy content [8]
Summary
Sufficient heating and cooling of buildings and industrial processes becomes one of the most crucial challenges in their proper design and realisation. Common solution is an individual supplying in heat and cooling. It guarantees flexibility and potentially gives independency from external suppliers (which usually is illusive or no use is made of it). Such a solution entails entire variety of efforts including maintenance, optimal management, risk mitigation and other. Among solutions prospective in this context, especially placed in not very densely built areas is ultra-low-temperature district heating (ULTDH) [3]. ULTDH is system, in which supply temperature is too low to prepare sanitary hot water (SHW) without an additional heat source [4]. The aim of this publication is to perform test and optimisation of ULTDH operating in conditions of Kraków city in Poland and compare results with stand-alone installations covering the same heating and cooling demands
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