Geotechnical Evaluation of Road Pavement Failure along the Awotan-Akufo Road, Oyo State Southwestern Nigeria

Abstract

In order to access the cause(s) of road failure and proffer preventive measures for the future reconstruction of the Awotan-Akufo road, southwestern Nigeria, the geotechnical engineering properties of the subgrade soil, asphalt pavement thicknesses, drainage and traffic load were evaluated. Soil samples were collected from test pits 1 m deep and at an interval of 50 m and subjected to geotechnical analyses in accordance to AASTHO specification. The grain size distribution revealed that 70% of the entire samples from Awotan-Lifeforte and Adaba failed sections along Akufo road contain amount of fines more than 35% passing through sieve No. 200. The Natural Moisture Content range from 5.73 - 20.21% (Awotan-Lifeforte section) and the entire samples from Adaba failed sections have high natural moisture content ranging from 16.20 - 23.20%. From Atterberg limit test, the Liquid limit of 12 - 56% (Awotan-Lifeforte section) and 26.00 - 40.00% (Adaba Section) were obtained. The Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of the soils ranges from 8.43 to 49.10% and 1.01 to 7.0% (Awotan-Lifeforte section), and 23.10 - 35.50% and 1.50 - 7.10% (Adaba Section) respectively. Linear shrinkage varies from 0.80 to 9.60% and from 3.10 to 8.80% for Awotan-Lifeforte and Adaba sections, respectively. The Maximum Dry Density of the soils ranged from 1.625 - 1.835 mg/m3 at Optimum Moisture Content of 13.4 - 17.3% (Lifeforte-Awotan section), and MDD of 1.752 - 1.975mg/m3 at Optimum Moisture Content of 13.4-17.3% (Adaba section). The unsoaked California Bearing Ratio are 30.08, 70.14, 39.08%, and the soaked California Bearing Ratio values are 26.17, 11.41, 33.41% (Lifeforte-Awotan section) respectively. At Adaba section of the road, the unsoaked California Bearing Ratio is 3.46, 87.70, 70.14%, and soaked California Bearing Ratio values are 3.42, 32.56, 39.83%. The average asphalt pavement thicknesses around Awotan-Lifeforte section range from 0.60 - 1.10 inches, and that of Adaba section range from 0.57 to 1.46 inches. The study concluded that the road pavement subgrade is silty clay and the geotechnical properties rated below the specifications of the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing at some failed portions. Asphalt pavement thicknesses are grossly inadequate and far below NAPA 2007 recommendation. As such the road cannot withstand the heavily loaded trucks that ply it on regular basis. All aforementioned contributed to the untimely failure of the road.