Abstract
In this study, geo-spatial distribution of bovine Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks were investigated to establish the prevalence and distribution of FMD serotypes in Ilesha Baruba, Kwara state-Nigeria. This purposive study involved 15 FMD outbreaks occurred during December 2010 to March 2011. For geo-spatial analysis, the outbreak locations were indexed using Global Positioning Service (GPS) device (EtrexR). Randomly sampled bovine sera (n=64) from herd representatives were subjected to FMD 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (FMD 3ABC ELISA) and solid-phase competitive ELISA (SP-cELISA), for the screening and serotyping of FMD virus, respectively. The serotypes were indexed with the specific outbreak locations. Through ELISA, the FMD serotypes detected in this study were- serotype O (83%; n=53/64), serotype A (7.8%; n=5/64), serotype vaccine O (1.6%; n=1/64)), and serotype vaccine SAT2 (1.6%; n=1/64). Multiple serotypes were observed in two different combinations; these were O and A (4.7%; n=3/64), and O and SAT2 (1.6%; n=1/64). FMD multiple serotype infections were associated with absence of cross-immunity between serotypes and cross reactivity enhanced by clustered herds, highland study area topography, road and river interconnectivity, possible human settlements, activities and traffic. This study provides baseline information on geo-spatial distribution, and identification of prevalent FMD serotypes in Ilesha Baruba, Kwara state-Nigeria.
Highlights
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly infectious disease affecting several animals like cattle, sheep, pigs, and many wildlife species
The occurrence of FMD outbreaks found in our study was similar to the previous report of Olabode et al (2013)
Screening of FMD done by FMD 3ABC ELISA showed that 37.5% males and 62.5% females were positive to FMD (Table 2)
Summary
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly infectious disease affecting several animals like cattle, sheep, pigs, and many wildlife species. FMD causes reduced productivity in animals and affects economy of a country (Jamal and Belsham, 2013). The phylogenetic inference revealed from molecular studies of viruses contributed significantly to the spatial and evolutionary pathways underlying the source of FMD epidemics. The increasing economic losses for FMD on the livelihood of livestock owners and trade are associated with the emergence of more virulent FMD viruses, as evidenced by genetic diversification of serotypes (Di Nardo et al, 2011). The epidemiology of FMD in Nigeria is inadequately understood and utilized (Olabode, 2012), despite enormous contributions of several researches with little applications of satellite imaging and bioinformatics. Satellite techniques like geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing, and global positioning
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