Abstract
This study mapped out and investigated the spatial relationship between cholera incidences and environmental risk factors in the study area. The study area was stratified into eight zones. Water samples from each zone were collected and analyzed to determine the colony forming units. GIS layers including housing density, digitized roads, rivers, buildings, and cholera incidence data from hospital archives were also collected and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.1. It was observed that there was an association between the ERFs (p < 0.001). Similarly, 18 out of the 44 waste dump sites, seven out of 18 markets, and two out of 36 abattoirs were found near the historical cholera cases. Similarly, 4 (21.1%) locations were traced to be predominantly close to rivers and waste dump site. All the historical cholera cases were found adjoining to roads and buildings. Highest CFU count was found in the wells and streams of areas with a cluster of all the environmental risk factors and high housing density. This study revealed that waste dump sites and market had the highest predisposing attribute while the least was abattoir. The uniqueness of the study lies in the combination of mapping and microbial analyses to identify and assess the pattern of cholera risk and also to provide clear information for development of strategies for environmental supervision.
Highlights
Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae [1]
A study carried out in the eastern area of Nigeria on proximity of municipal waste and rate of hospitalization for malaria indicated that proximity of waste dump to roads and residential areas has imparted negativity on the health of the public [29]
The spatial relationship between cholera incidences and environmental risk factors (ERFs) generated in this study showed that areas with historical cholera cases were close to waste dump sites near market, rivers/streams, and abattoirs with waste dump sites and markets having the highest predisposing attributes while the least was abattoir
Summary
Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae [1]. Cholera affects all ages and both genders [2]. The bacterium can live naturally in any environment especially in brackish rivers and coastal waters [3]. Human behaviours related to environmental hygiene, personal hygiene, and food preparation contribute greatly to the occurrence and severity of cholera [4]. Transmission is usually due to fecal contamination of food and water as a result of poor hygiene. Markets, abattoirs, and vulnerable elements such as rivers, roads, and buildings have been found to be associated with the occurrence of diseases [1]
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