Geospatial Analysis of Vaccination Coverage and Predictors of Non- and Under-Vaccination of Children Aged 12–23 Months in Nigeria

Abstract

This study (1) examines the spatial variation of uptake for each dose of basic vaccine and (2) identifies the predictors of non- and incomplete vaccine uptake among children aged 12–23 months in 2018 using data from NDHS. Spatial statistical techniques and multinomial logistic regression analyses were employed. Findings indicate wide variation of coverage at regional, urban/rural, and district levels. Coverage for all the vaccines exhibited statistically significant spatial dependence nationally. Locally, vaccination coverage hotspot for all the vaccines clustered among 16 states in the south while cold spots were in seven northern states. Of the 6059 children, 25, 56, and 9 percent were fully vaccinated, under-vaccinated, and non-vaccinated, respectively. Children who did not receive postnatal care, had no health card, resided in poorer households, and whose mothers did not receive tetanus injection had higher odd of being non-vaccinated. Children, who were delivered at home, did not receive postnatal care, whose mothers could not read and lived in poorest, poorer, and middle households had increased risk of being under-vaccinated. Findings suggest that increased access to immunization, community-level health education and communication are required particularly in rural and northern districts.