Abstract
Unreinforced masonry (URM) structures are vulnerable to earthquakes; thus, materials and techniques for their strengthening and restoration should be developed. However, the materials used in some of the existing retrofitting technologies for URM and the waste produced at its end-of-life are unsustainable. The production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) worldwide has enormously contributed to the global carbon footprint, resulting in persistent environmental problems. Replacing OPC with geopolymers, which are more sustainable and environmentally friendly, presents a potential solution to these problems. Geopolymers can replace the OPC component in engineering cementitious composites (ECC), recommended to strengthen and restore URM structures. In the present paper, the state-of-the-art knowledge development on applying geopolymers in URM structures is discussed. The discussion is focused on geopolymers and their components, material characterization, geopolymers as a strengthening and restoration material, and fiber-reinforced geopolymers and their application to URM structures. Based on this review, it was found that the mechanical properties of geopolymers are on par with that of OPC; however, there are few studies on the mentioned applications of geopolymers. The characterization of geopolymers’ mechanical and physical properties as a restoration material for URM structures is still limited. Therefore, other properties such as chemical interaction with the substrate, workability, thixotropic behavior, and aesthetic features of geopolymers need to be investigated for its wide application. The application method of geopolymer-based ECC as a strengthening material for a URM structure is by grouting injection. It is also worth recommending that other application techniques such as deep repointing, jacketing, and cement-plastering be explored.
Highlights
IntroductionThe unreinforced masonry building’s low tensile capacity stone, clay masonry units, concrete masonry units, natural stone, terra cotta, adobe, pisé makes it vulnerable for earthquake-induced loads—in-plane lateral loads or out-of-plane de terre, cobb—laid in a mortar
Being one of the oldest structure types, most historical buildings are made of unreinforced masonry (URM); with this knowledge, the phrase used in the search was changed to “geopolymers used in the restoration of historical buildings”, with 53 results to obtain more information that can present the potential application of geopolymers in the restoration of URMs
This review showed the potential of geopolymers, a more environmentally friendly material, to replace
Summary
The unreinforced masonry building’s low tensile capacity stone, clay masonry units, concrete masonry units, natural stone, terra cotta, adobe, pisé makes it vulnerable for earthquake-induced loads—in-plane lateral loads or out-of-plane de terre, cobb—laid in a mortar. These materials have low tensile strength and are inor eccentric loads—which may cause diagonal cracks, sliding, or the rotation of a wall [6]. Recent studies the use engineered cementitious compositesare (ECC) Such astofiber-reinforced tally friendly; inrecommend addition, ECC canofbe improved, since geopolymers reported have and fabric-reinforced cementitious composites for strengthening of masonry walls against a higher mechanical strength and durability than OPC-based ECC. Restoration material for URM structures, and the application of fiber-reinforced geopolymer (FRG) in URM structures
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